brazilian wandering spider effects on males

Can a Bite From a Brazilian Wandering Spider Cause a Four-Hour Erection?

In many cases, the erection is merely an early warning before the complete shutdown of multiple organ systems., alex kasprak, published aug. 16, 2023.

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On Aug. 14, 2023, the account First Doctor  posted what it asserted to be an "exclusive" finding on the social media platform X, formerly known as Twitter:

While far from an exclusive — or even a remotely new — finding, the two claims in the tweet were factual. A bite from Phoneutria nigriventer , commonly known as the Brazilian wandering spider, can indeed result in a long-lasting and painful erection, a condition known as priapism when it lasts more than four hours . 

While the toxicity and high risk of death posed by the chemical thought to be responsible for the erections makes its use as a potential erectile dysfunction (ED) therapy challenging, if not literally impossible , it has been used to develop similar chemicals that may have therapeutic potential. 

Phoneutria nigriventer 's erection-causing effects have been known to science since the 1970s. The 1971 book "Venemous Animals and Their Venom" described priapistic effects of this spider's bite on mice and dogs. The authors also included anecdotal reports from humans who had been bitten:

A pattern which resembles that of dog envenomation is also noticed in humans bitten by Phoneutria nigriventer: local unbearable pain, salivation, visual disturbances, sweating, prostration, priapism, and death. 

Research published in 2008 identified the chemical within the venom likely responsible for the erections — a peptide now named PnTx2-6. "[Pn]Tx2-6 enhanced erectile function in [...] rats, via the [Nitrous Oxide] NO pathway," the study reported. "Our studies suggest that [Pn]Tx2-6 could be important for development of new pharmacological agents for treatment of erectile dysfunction."

The interest in this toxin as a treatment for ED stems, in part, because it operates in a completely different way than common ED treatments like Viagra, as reported in 2011 by NBC News:

Viagra, Levitra and other ED drugs on the market work by inhibiting an enzyme called PDE5. To get an erection, a man's body must release nitric oxide, which relaxes the smooth muscle around the arteries of the penis, allowing for his blood vessels to dilate. The nitric oxide is a first step in a series of chemical reactions that allow this muscle relaxation to take place.  One step in the series is cGMP, a signaling molecule that acts to keep the muscles relaxed. PDE5 degrades cGMP. That's a good thing for ensuring that erections don't last forever, but too much PDE5 can mean an erection doesn't happen at all. By blocking the enzyme, PDE5 inhibitors solve the problem. The spider toxin works differently. Instead of affecting PDE5, the compound seems to trigger nitric oxide release, acting directly to relax the smooth muscles. Because about 30 percent of patients don't respond to PDE5 inhibitors, the toxin could provide an alternative to ED treatments currently on the market, [Study author Kenia] Nunes said." 

In 2022, the same research group responsible for identifying PnTx2-6 published a paper arguing, in part, that due to the extreme pain and high toxicity of the chemical, its "therapeutic use is impossible," but that it is "an excellent pharmacological tool for studying erectile function." That study synthesized a new peptide, PnPP-19, based on the toxic original.

Based on studies performed on laboratory mice, PnPP-19 appears to have the potential to cause erections without the pain or toxicity of the spider venom:

This synthetic peptide also potentiates erectile function via NO/cGMP, but it [...] displays nontoxic properties in animals even at high doses. PnPP-19 effectively potentiates erectile function not only after subcutaneous or intravenous administration but also following topical application.

The assertions in First Doctor's post were factual because the priapism caused by Phoneutria nigriventer's bites have been well-documented and well-studied for decades and because the active ingredients in that venom have been used to investigate new ED therapies. As such, we rate the claim as "True."

Bücherl, Wolfgang, and Eleanor E. Buckley. Venomous Animals and Their Venoms: Venomous Invertebrates. Elsevier, 2013.

Nunes, K. P., et al. "Tx2-6 Toxin of the Phoneutria Nigriventer Spider Potentiates Rat Erectile Function." Toxicon : Official Journal of the International Society on Toxinology, vol. 51, no. 7, June 2008, pp. 1197–206. PubMed Central, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.02.010.

Silberman, Michael, et al. "Priapism." StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing, 2023. PubMed, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459178/.

Silva, Carolina Nunes da, et al. "From the PnTx2-6 Toxin to the PnPP-19 Engineered Peptide: Therapeutic Potential in Erectile Dysfunction, Nociception, and Glaucoma." Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences, vol. 9, 2022. Frontiers, https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmolb.2022.831823.

"Spider Venom Shows Promise for Treating Erectile Dysfunction." NBC News, 7 Sept. 2012, http://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/spider-venom-shows-promise-treating-erectile-dysfunction-flna1B5794477.  

By Alex Kasprak

Alex Kasprak is an investigative journalist and science writer reporting on scientific misinformation, online fraud, and financial crime.

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Facts About Animals

Brazilian Wandering Spider Facts

Brazilian wandering spider profile.

There are more than 50,000 species of spider, and the vast majority are less dangerous than a honeybee. Almost none are aggressive, and of those with medically significant venom, only a small percentage are capable of causing death. So, on the whole, arachnophobes are just being a bit silly.

But there’s one spider that vindicates all of these fears, and few animals are as globally renowned to be a serious threat to human lives as the Brazilian Wandering Spider .

Brazilian Wandering Spiders are actually 9 species of spider in the same genus ‘Phoneutria’, one of which is found in Central America, with the rest in South America.

Brazilian Wandering Spider Facts Overview

These spiders are called wandering spiders because of instead of spinning a web to wait for food, or occupying a lair, they spend their night wandering in the leaf litter of the jungle floor for prey.

The sensitive hairs on its body help detect vibrations of passing prey, and it will feed on insects, lizards, frogs and any animals as large as itself.

During the day they will hide under logs, rocks, or inside termite mounds and banana plants. They will also sometimes wander into urban areas and homes, where they can come into contact with humans.

Brazilian wandering spiders are aggressive , dangerous and frightening. For once, this is an animal you should be wary of.

The females are larger, around 50% heavier than males, and produce more venom, and this might be a clue as to why their Greek name translates to “ Mudress” . These spiders will often stand and fight and have an intimidating threat display.

The potency of their venom is one of the reasons they’re so dangerous, and their ability to hide away in fruit and shoes explains why most bites are on extremities.

Interesting Brazilian Wandering Spider Facts

1. armed spiders.

In Brazilian, these are sometimes known as armed spiders, on account of their elongated front legs.

They can convey quite a bit of information with these legs, and as wandering spiders, use them to get about the forest, looking for food.

2. Banana Spiders

They’re also sometimes called ‘banana spiders’ on account of their status as a stowaway on popular fruit imported from the tropics.

This is becoming less common as stricter regulations ensure there’s less contamination of fruits, but there’s always a chance your next bunch of bananas will have a family of these spiders living inside it.

3. They have the largest venom glands of any spider

Females produce more venom than males, but both sexes have enormous venom glands. These glands are even more impressive when you consider the size of the spider is significantly less than the largest around.

The venom glands of the Brazilian Wandering Spider are over a centimetre long, and this is all housed inside the bright red chelicerae (mouth parts) which they are quick to display whenever they get upset. 1

4. They’re aggressive

These spiders can grow quite large and have long, brightly-coloured legs. Unlike most spiders, they’re known to stand their ground when threatened and are far quicker to bite than many other species.

They’ll still try to scurry away where possible, and they’re not out to get anybody.

But where most other species will flee, the wandering spiders’ aggression does make it more likely to be involved in incidents.

Most bites are on fingers and toes, a sign that they’re being stepped on or grabbed inadvertently. When the spider feels cornered, it’ll rear up on its back legs and waves its colourful arms around as a warning.

Then it’ll sway side to side, beckoning you to have a go. Anything foolhardy enough to call this bluff gets a wealth of envenomation effects. 2 3

5. They give some men erections

There are ways to accomplish this with fewer side effects, but a bit from a Brazilian wandering spider does come with a certain Viagral quality.

This isn’t as fun as it might sound. Prolonged erections in this manner are likely to harm and destroy muscles and blood vessels in the penis and could cause irreparable damage.

Besides this, the assault on the central nervous system that comes with envenomation by this spider doesn’t sound worth it. 4

6. And some people die

This assault brings with it a whole host of unpleasant symptoms. Seizures, foaming at the mouth, inability to speak, collapse, and a host of other miserable experiences.

Paralysis is possible, as is cardiac shock. Blood vessels can burst in the brain, or anywhere else, and in many cases, this can be enough to kill a person.

This spider has one of the most potent venoms of all, and there are multiple legitimate records of death as a result of bites.

7. But they’re rarely fatal

While the Brazilian wandering spider is potentially one of the most dangerous spiders in the world, there is some evidence to suggest it gives a dry bite, defensively.

This means that despite exceptionally toxic venom, the amount actually injected is less than some of the other contenders, and this is what makes it typically less lethal than the Australian funnel webs.

These spiders are classified as Dangerous Wild Animals and would therefore require a special permit to keep. Bites from wandering spiders are common in South America, but antivenom is often readily available, and they rarely result in death.

In most cases, lethal bites are cases of a very young or very old victim, and few people of healthy age are killed. 5

8. They do invade the UK sometimes

These unquestionably scary spiders show up in supermarkets in the UK on occasion, having hitched a ride on banana shipments.

On more than one occasion they’ve made their way into shoppers’ homes, but it doesn’t appear that there are any cases of them biting people as a result.

These spiders aren’t suited for temperate climates and don’t survive Winter, so there’s no risk of them multiplying.

Brazilian Wandering Spider Fact-File Summary

Scientific classification, fact sources & references.

• PeerJ. (2017), “ Dimensions of venom gland of largest venom glands in all spiders ”, Bio Numbers.
• Dave Clarke (2010), “ Venomous spider found in Waitrose shopping ‘beautiful but aggressive’” , The Guardian.
• “ Phoneutria Perty (Arachnida: Araneae: Ctenidae) ”, UF-IFAS University of Florida
• Kátia R.M. Leite (2012), “ Phoneutria nigriventer spider toxin Tx2-6 causes priapism and death: A histopathological investigation in mice ”, Science Direct.
• “ Brazilian wandering spiders: Bites & other facts ”, Live Science.

Could Spider Venom Be the Next Viagra?

Researchers are studying the surprising side effects of the banana spider’s bite

Rachel Nuwer

A bite from the banana spider (also known as the Brazilian wandering spider) of Central and South American rain forests causes shortness of breath, excessive salivation, tremors and—for men—a persistent, intensely painful erection, known as priapism in the medical community.

So potent is this spider’s ability to command an erection that researchers wondered if it couldn’t be somehow transformed and used for good. According to WebMD , erectile dysfunction affects around 18 million men in the U.S. alone, and common treatments like Viagra, Levitra and Cialis fall short of providing results for one in three men with ED.

Scientists write in the Journal of Sexual Medicine that one of the banana spider’s toxins, PnTx2-6, helped elderly rodents with their ER, reports National Geographic News . The toxin triggered the release of nitric oxide, which increased circulation in the rats’ genitals and relaxed the relevant blood vessel walls. If rats and human men are anything alike, the researchers suspect treatments eventually derived from the toxin might help patients who fail to respond to drugs like Viagra, which relies on a different mechanism.

Banana spiders are not the only organisms found in nature with a particular penchant for bringing on unwanted erections. Rabies, too, sometimes has this effect. In 1988, doctors described the case of one such affliction in the Postgraduate Journal of Medicine :

A 47 year old male was admitted with the chief complaints of recurrent ejaculation and hydrophobia. The patient, who was fully conscious and lucid at the time of admission and gave us his own history, confirmed that that morning he had hypersensitivity of the penis manifesting as recurrent erection and ejaculation occurring at the slightest touch. The hypersensitivity was so exquisite that the mere touch of his underwear against his penis was enough to trigger off spontaneous erection and ejaculation.

The patient died, however, and fortunately there’s no talk in the scientific community of treating no-show erections with rabies.

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Rachel Nuwer is a freelance science writer based in Brooklyn.

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Brazilian Wandering Spider

The Brazilian Wandering Spider (Phoneutria fera) is an aggressive and highly venomous spider . It was first discovered in Brazil hence its name. However, this genus is known to exist elsewhere in South and Central America .

The Brazilian Wandering spider is a member of the Ctenidae family of wandering spiders.

The Brazilian Wandering spider appeared in the Guinness Book of World Records 2007 for being the most venomous animal .

In this particular genus, there are five known similar species whose members are also highly venomous. They include some of the relatively few species of spiders that present a threat to human beings.

Brazilian Wandering Spider Characteristics

The Brazilian wandering spider can grow to have a leg span of up to 4 – 5 inches. They are large hairy spindly-looking spiders who have eight eyes, two of which are large. Brazilian wandering spiders are fast-moving spiders, their legs are strong and spiny and they have distinctive red jaws which they display when angered.

The Brazilian wandering spider is not a Tarantula . Brazilian wandering spiders are not even in the same family group. Tarantulas are harmless to humans and are mostly ambush killers who wait for prey to come to them. Brazilian wandering spiders are active hunters. Brazilian wandering spiders and Tarantulas do have one thing in common, however, they do not eat bananas.

Brazilian Wandering Spider Habitat and Spider Webs

The Brazilian Wandering spider is so-called because it wanders the jungle floor, rather than residing in a lair or maintaining a web. This is another reason it is considered so dangerous. In densely populated areas, the Brazilian Wandering spider will usually search for cover and dark places to hide during daytime, leading it to hide within houses, clothes, cars, boots, boxes and log piles. This usually causes accidents when people disturb them.

The Brazilian Wandering spider is also called the ‘banana spider’ as it is occasionally found within shipments of bananas. As a result, any large spider appearing in a bunch of bananas should be treated with due care.

Brazilian Wandering Spider Diet

Adult Brazilian Wandering spiders eat crickets, other large insects, small lizards and mice. Spiderlings of this species eat flightless fruit flies and pinhead crickets.

Brazilian Wandering Spider Reproduction

All spiders produce silk, a thin, strong protein strand extruded by the spider from spinnerets most commonly found on the end of the abdomen. Many species use it to trap insects in webs, although there are many species that hunt freely such as the Brazilian Wandering spider. Silk can be used to aid in climbing, form smooth walls for burrows, build egg sacs, wrap prey and temporarily hold sperm, among other applications.

Brazilian Wandering spiders reproduce by means of eggs, which are packed into silk bundles called egg sacs. The male spider must (in most cases) make a timely departure after mating to escape before the females normal predatory instincts return.

Mature male spiders have swollen bulbs on the end of their palps for this purpose and this is a useful way to identify whether the spider is male or female. Once the sperm is inside the female spider, she stores it in a chamber and only uses it during the egg-laying process, when the eggs come into contact with the male sperm for the first time and are fertilized. The Brazilian Wandering spiders life cycle is 1 – 2 years.

Brazilian Wandering Spider Venom

Bites from the Brazilian Wandering spider may result in only a couple of painful pinpricks to full-blown envenomed. In either case, people bitten by this spider or any Ctenid should seek immediate emergency treatment as the venom is possibly life threatening.

The Phoneutria fera and Phoneutria nigriventer (two species of wandering spider) are the two most commonly implicated as the most vicious and deadly of the Phoneutria spiders.

The Phoneutria not only has a potent neurotoxin, but is reported to have one of the most excruciatingly painful envenoms of all spiders due to its high concentration of serotonin. They have the most active venom of any living spiders.

One of their members, the Brazilian Huntsman, is thought to be the most venomous spider in the world. Brazilian wandering spiders are certainly dangerous and bite more people than any other spiders.

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Brazilian Wandering Spider: Size, Bite, Diet and Other Facts 

The Brazilian Wandering Spider is a venomous arachnid with a fearsome reputation. This South American rainforest dweller packs a powerful punch, but don’t let its nickname “banana spider” fool you – they’re active hunters, not web-spinners. Despite their size and venom, bites are uncommon as they’re typically shy.

The Brazilian Wandering Spider has garnered significant attention due to its potent venom, which makes it one of the world’s most venomous spiders. Understanding its biology and behavior is crucial for both scientific research and public safety.

Scientific classification

The Brazilian Wandering Spider belongs to the family Ctenidae within the order Araneae. Its scientific classification is as follows:

• Kingdom: Animalia
• Phylum: Arthropoda
• Class: Arachnida
• Order: Araneae
• Family: Ctenidae
• Genus: Phoneutria

The Brazilian Wandering Spider goes by various common names, including “armed spider,” “banana spider,” and “wandering spider.” Synonyms for this species may include Ctenus , which was formerly used for some Phoneutria species.

Distribution and habitat

Distribution:

• South American:  Found throughout most of South America east of the Andes mountains, including countries like Brazil (their namesake), Argentina, Paraguay, and up into northern regions.
• Central American Touch:  A few species even reach southern Central America.
• Rainforest Dwellers:  Primarily found in the lush rainforests of South America.
• Not Picky Places:  They can also adapt to other habitats like the Atlantic Forest and even some urban areas.
• Daytime Hideouts:  While they wander at night, they seek shelter during the day in places like termite mounds, under rocks, or even (unintentionally) in bananas!

Physical Characteristics

 size and weight.

The Brazilian wandering spider is a creepy crawly giant. Their bodies can grow up to 2 inches (5 centimeters) long, but that’s not the scary part. Their legs can span a whopping 7 inches (18 cm), making them look even bigger. They are one of the biggest true spiders by body weight and size.

Despite their impressive leg span, Brazilian wandering spiders are relatively light. They only weigh around 6 grams, which is about the same as two pennies. While they might look imposing, they’re not the heaviest arachnids around.

Coloration and markings

These spiders exhibit a range of colors, including brown, black, and sometimes reddish hues. They often have distinctive markings on their bodies, which can vary between species. These markings may include stripes or patterns that serve as a key identification feature.

Notable features

One of the most notable features of the Brazilian Wandering Spider is its elongated, robust body and long, agile legs. They have sharp fangs, which they use to inject venom into their prey or in self-defense.

Sexual dimorphism

Sexual dimorphism is evident in this species. Females are larger and bulkier than males, while males have longer, more slender legs. Additionally, males possess specialized structures known as pedipalps, which are used during mating.

In the following sections of this article, we will delve deeper into the behavior, venom, and ecological role of the Brazilian Wandering Spider, shedding light on why this species has both fascinated and instilled fear in those who encounter it.

 Behavior and Ecology

 Nocturnal habits

Brazilian Wandering Spiders are primarily nocturnal creatures. They are most active during the night, venturing out of their daytime hiding places to hunt for prey and engage in mating activities. Their nighttime activity allows them to avoid predators and reduce the risk of desiccation in the hot tropical sun.

Hunting and feeding behavior

These spiders are agile hunters and primarily feed on insects, small vertebrates, and other arachnids. They do not build webs to capture prey but instead rely on their excellent senses, including acute vision and touch, to locate and stalk their victims. They often wander in search of food and are known for their swift and lethal strikes. Once they subdue their prey, they inject venom to immobilize it before feeding.

Brazilian Wandering Spiders (Phoneutria) are active hunters and have distinctive feeding behaviors. Here’s an overview of their feeding habits:

• Active Predators: Brazilian Wandering Spiders are not web-builders like many other spider species. Instead, they are active predators. They actively roam their environment in search of prey rather than waiting for insects to stumble into a web.
• Hunting Strategy: When hunting, these spiders use their excellent senses, including acute vision and touch, to locate potential prey. They are known for their agility and speed, which they use to stalk and capture their victims. They have sharp fangs, which they use to deliver a venomous bite to immobilize their prey.
• Diet: Their diet consists primarily of insects and other arthropods, but they are opportunistic feeders and may consume a variety of small creatures, including small vertebrates such as frogs and lizards when the opportunity arises.
• Venom Use: Brazilian Wandering Spiders inject venom into their prey to immobilize and partially digest it. Their venom contains neurotoxins that affect the nervous system of their victims. Once the prey is incapacitated, the spider can feed on it at its leisure.
• Feeding Process: After subduing their prey with a venomous bite, the spider uses its chelicerae (fangs) to break down the prey’s tissues. The venom also helps in predigestion, turning the prey’s insides into a semi-liquid form that the spider can ingest. They can consume both the internal fluids and solid parts of their prey.
• Frequency of Feeding: The frequency of feeding can vary depending on factors such as the availability of prey and the spider’s size. Generally, they need to feed periodically to sustain their energy and growth. Spiderlings may require more frequent meals to support their rapid growth, while adults can go longer periods between meals.

Overall, the Brazilian Wandering Spider’s feeding strategy is well-suited for their active and wandering lifestyle, allowing them to efficiently capture and consume a variety of prey in their natural habitat.

Role in the ecosystem

The Brazilian Wandering Spider plays a vital role in controlling insect populations within its habitat. By preying on a variety of insects and other small creatures, they help maintain ecological balance. Additionally, their presence in the rainforest ecosystem contributes to the overall biodiversity and food web.

Mating and reproduction

Mating in Brazilian Wandering Spiders is a complex and potentially dangerous process. Male spiders must carefully approach and court a receptive female to avoid being mistaken for prey. They use specialized pedipalps to transfer sperm to the female’s reproductive organs. After successful mating, females lay egg sacs containing hundreds of eggs. They guard these sacs and ensure the survival of their offspring until they hatch.

 Lifespan and growth

The lifespan of Brazilian Wandering Spiders varies between males and females. Males generally have a shorter lifespan, typically living for a few months to a year after reaching maturity. Females, on the other hand, can live for several years. The growth of these spiders involves a series of molts, during which they shed their exoskeletons to accommodate their increasing size. Molting is a vulnerable period in their lives as their new exoskeleton is initially soft and requires time to harden.

Venom and Envenomation

Composition of venom.

The venom of Brazilian Wandering Spiders is a complex mixture of neurotoxins, cytotoxins, and other enzymes. One of the most significant components is a neurotoxin called PhTx3, which targets the nervous system of their prey.

Toxicity and effects on humans

The venom of these spiders is highly potent and can be lethal to their prey. In humans, envenomation can cause a range of symptoms, including intense pain, muscle cramps, fever, nausea, and in severe cases, paralysis and death. It’s important to note that while their venom is potent, actual fatalities from Brazilian Wandering Spider bites are rare due to the availability of medical treatment.

First aid and medical treatment

In the event of a Brazilian Wandering Spider bite, immediate medical attention is crucial. First aid measures may include cleaning the wound and applying ice to reduce pain and swelling. However, the primary treatment involves antivenom, which can counteract the effects of the spider’s venom.

Cases of envenomation and fatalities

Although fatalities from Brazilian Wandering Spider bites are uncommon, there have been documented cases of severe envenomation, especially in regions where medical treatment is not readily available. These spiders are generally non-aggressive and will bite humans only in self-defense when provoked, or if they feel cornered.

Understanding the behavior, ecology, and venomous nature of the Brazilian Wandering Spider is crucial for both scientific research and public awareness, helping to minimize the risk of envenomation and promote coexistence with this remarkable but potentially dangerous arachnid.

Brazilian wandering spider life cycle

The Brazilian wandering spider has a fascinating life cycle that revolves around hunting and motherhood. Here’s a breakdown:

• Egg Haven:  After mating, the female lays hundreds, sometimes even a thousand, eggs in a silken sac. This becomes their protected nursery.
• Tiny Terrors:  Hatching from the eggs emerge translucent spiderlings called larvae.
• Nymph Stage:  The larvae molt a few times, transforming into nymphs. Think of them as mini-adults but without the ability to reproduce yet.
• Shedding for Size:  As nymphs grow, they undergo multiple molts, shedding their outer shell to accommodate their larger bodies.
• Ready to Roam:  After the final molt, the spider emerges as a full-fledged adult, complete with reproductive organs. Now, they can join the wandering lifestyle and continue the cycle.

The life cycle begins when a female Brazilian Wandering Spider lays her eggs. She typically creates an egg sac made of silk and deposits it in a concealed location, such as a tree hollow or leaf litter. Inside the sac, she may lay hundreds of eggs. The female guards the egg sac and ensures its protection until the spiderlings hatch. The duration of the egg stage varies depending on environmental conditions but generally lasts for a few weeks.

Spiderling Stage

After the incubation period, spiderlings (young spiders) emerge from the egg sac. They are extremely vulnerable at this stage and rely on their mother’s protection and guidance. Spiderlings are miniature versions of adult spiders but lack the full coloration and size. They disperse from the nest once they have molted and are capable of hunting on their own. During this stage, they grow rapidly by molting, shedding their exoskeletons to accommodate their increasing size.

Juvenile Stage

As spiderlings continue to molt and grow, they progress into the juvenile stage. During this phase, their coloration becomes more distinct, and they start to develop the characteristic features of adult Brazilian Wandering Spiders. They become increasingly independent and begin to exhibit hunting behaviors. The duration of the juvenile stage can vary but often lasts several months.

Sub-Adult Stage

The sub-adult stage is an intermediate phase between juvenile and adult. At this point, the spiders are closer in size and appearance to adults but have not yet reached sexual maturity. They continue to molt, with the frequency of molting gradually decreasing as they approach adulthood. Sub-adult spiders may exhibit more territorial behaviors as they compete for resources and prepare for eventual mating.

Adult Stage

Upon reaching sexual maturity, Brazilian Wandering Spiders enter the adult stage. This is when they are fully developed and capable of reproduction. Females are larger and bulkier than males, and males possess specialized structures called pedipalps, which they use during mating. Adult spiders engage in mating activities, and females lay eggs to continue the life cycle. Adult Brazilian Wandering Spiders can live for several years, with females typically having longer lifespans than males.

Understanding the life cycle of these spiders is essential for studying their behavior, reproductive biology, and population dynamics. It also provides insights into their adaptation strategies in the complex ecosystems of South and Central America.

Brazilian Wandering Spider Bite

Brazilian Wandering Spiders are known for their potent venom and, occasionally, their bites on humans. While bites are relatively rare due to the spider’s non-aggressive nature, understanding the consequences of a bite is crucial for public safety.

Studying Brazilian Wandering Spider bites is of great interest for several reasons. It helps healthcare professionals provide appropriate medical treatment, raises awareness among communities in spider habitats, and contributes to our understanding of venomous arachnid envenomations.

The venom of Brazilian Wandering Spiders is a complex mixture of neurotoxins, cytotoxins, and enzymes. It contains various components, including PhTx3, which is a potent neurotoxin affecting the nervous system.

Brazilian Wandering Spider bites can have a range of effects on the human body, including intense pain, muscle cramps, fever, nausea, and in severe cases, paralysis. The severity of the symptoms depends on factors such as the amount of venom injected and the individual’s sensitivity to the venom. There are several types of spider bites .

Symptoms of a Brazilian Wandering Spider Bite

Local symptoms

• Intense pain
• Itching or burning sensation
• Formation of blisters or lesions

Systemic symptoms

• Muscle cramps and spasms
• Abdominal pain
• Nausea and vomiting
• Elevated heart rate
• Hypertension (high blood pressure)
• Respiratory distress

Severity and variations

The severity of Brazilian Wandering Spider bite symptoms can vary widely. In some cases, symptoms may be mild and resolve on their own, while in severe envenomations, life-threatening complications can occur. Individual reactions to the venom can also vary, making it challenging to predict the exact outcome of a bite.

First Aid and Immediate Response

Steps to take after a bite

Immediate response to a Brazilian Wandering Spider bite should include:

• – Washing the bite area with soap and water.
• – Applying a clean, cool compress to reduce pain and swelling.
• – Immobilizing the affected limb or area.
• – Keeping the bite victim calm to prevent an elevated heart rate.

Do’s and don’ts in case of a bite

• – Seek medical attention promptly.
• – Take note of the spider’s appearance (if possible) to aid identification.
• – Keep the bite victim still and calm to reduce the spread of venom.
• – Do not try to suck out venom or make incisions at the bite site.
• – Avoid applying tourniquets.
• – Don’t use ice directly on the skin as it can worsen tissue damage.

Seeking medical attention

Medical attention is essential after a Brazilian Wandering Spider bite, even if symptoms appear mild initially. Antivenom is available and can be administered to counteract the effects of the venom. Medical professionals can also manage symptoms and monitor for potential complications.

Complications and Long-Term Effects

Potential complications

Complications from Brazilian Wandering Spider bites can include:

• – Severe muscle spasms
• – Respiratory distress
• – Cardiovascular issues
• – Kidney failure (rare)
• – Allergic reactions to antivenom

Long-term consequences

Long-term consequences of a bite can vary depending on the severity and medical treatment received. Some individuals may experience lingering pain, muscle weakness, or psychological trauma following a severe envenomation.

Recovery and rehabilitation

Recovery from a Brazilian Wandering Spider bite typically involves medical treatment, rehabilitation for muscle and nerve damage, and psychological support for individuals affected by the experience. Rehabilitation may include physical therapy to regain muscle strength and function. Prompt medical attention and appropriate care are crucial for minimizing long-term effects and complications.

Facts of Brazilian Wanding Spider

Here are 10 creepy crawly facts about the Brazilian Wandering Spider:

• Big and Hairy:  These spiders are giants! Their bodies can grow up to 2 inches (5 centimeters) long, with a leg span of up to 7 inches (18 cm). They are covered in hairs, making them appear even bigger.
• Wanderlust:  They are aptly named – Brazilian wandering spiders don’t spin webs. Instead, they wander the forest floor at night in search of prey.
• Venomous Bite:  Their venom is considered one of the most potent among spiders. A bite can cause severe pain, swelling, sweating, nausea, and even priapism in males. Thankfully, bites are rare as they are typically shy and defensive.
• Not So Fond of Bananas:  While sometimes called ‘banana spiders,’ they are not typically found in bananas. They might, however, take shelter in them during transport, which is how they might end up in a faraway land.
• Rainforest Resident:  These spiders are native to the rainforests of South America, particularly in Brazil.
• Fearsome Feasters:  They’re active hunters and will eat almost anything they can overpower, including insects, lizards, frogs, and even small rodents.
• Mom’s the Word:  Female Brazilian wandering spiders are dedicated mothers. They lay hundreds of eggs in a silken sac and fiercely guard them until they hatch.
• Multiple Molts:  Like all spiders, Brazilian wandering spiders grow through molting. They shed their exoskeleton multiple times as they grow into adults.
• Mating Dance:  Male Brazilian wandering spiders perform a elaborate mating dance to attract a female.
• Medicinal Potential:  Despite their scary reputation, the venom of the Brazilian wandering spider is being studied for its potential use in treating erectile dysfunction.

What happens if a Brazilian Wandering Spider bites a man?

A Brazilian Wandering Spider bite on a man can cause a range of symptoms, some severe:

• Pain:  The bite is known for causing intense, localized pain at the site.
• Autonomic effects:  Sweating, nausea, and increased heart rate are common.
• Priapism:  In some cases, males may experience a prolonged and painful erection (priapism). This is due to a component in the venom.
• Muscle paralysis:  Severe bites can lead to muscle paralysis, which can affect breathing in rare cases.

However, it’s important to remember:

• Bites are uncommon as these spiders are typically shy and defensive.
• Antivenom is available and effective in treating bites.

If bitten, seek medical attention immediately. Early treatment can help prevent complications and ensure a full recovery.

How poisonous is a Brazilian Wandering Spider?

Brazilian Wandering Spider packs a nasty venomous punch, considered one of the strongest among spiders. Bites are rare though, as they’re shy and prefer to escape trouble.

What is the world’s deadliest spider?

The term “deadliest” can be subjective and depends on how one defines it (e.g., based on venom potency or human fatalities). However, the Brazilian Wandering Spider (Phoneutria) is often considered one of the most venomous spiders in the world. Another spider often mentioned in discussions of venom toxicity is the Sydney Funnel-web Spider (Atrax robustus and Atrax formosus), found in Australia. These spiders are known for their potent venom and have caused fatalities in the past.

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The brazilian wandering spider: threats and treatments.

Imagine being bitten by a spider that not only causes excruciating pain, but also induces a painful and prolonged erection. This peculiar arachnid is no other than the Brazilian Wandering Spider, a creature that strikes fear into the hearts of many. This article explores the threats posed by this venomous spider and examines the treatments available for its bite. Prepare to discover the terrifying world of the Brazilian Wandering Spider and the measures taken to combat its deadly effects.

Table of Contents

Overview of the Brazilian Wandering Spider

Introduction to the Brazilian Wandering Spider

The Brazilian Wandering Spider, scientifically known as Phoneutria, is a species of venomous spider found primarily in South and Central America, with Brazil being its native habitat. These spiders are known for their distinct hunting techniques, potent venom, and the ability to wander, hence their name. With its aggressive nature and potentially lethal bite, the Brazilian Wandering Spider poses a significant threat to humans and animals alike.

Preferred Habitat and Distribution

Brazilian Wandering Spiders are adaptable creatures that can thrive in various habitats, ranging from tropical rainforests to urban areas. They prefer dark and secluded areas like tree stumps, piles of leaves, and crevices, typically found in the wilderness. However, due to deforestation and human encroachment, these spiders have also adapted to urban environments, often found hiding in woodpiles, sheds, and even inside homes.

Physical Characteristics

The Brazilian Wandering Spider is a large arachnid, with a leg span that can reach up to 6 inches. They have a brownish appearance with darker markings, aiding in their camouflage amidst bark and leaves. These spiders possess strong legs, enabling them to move quickly and gracefully. The most distinguishing feature of the Brazilian Wandering Spider is their characteristic defensive posture, where they raise their front legs to display their fangs.

Behavior and Hunting Techniques

Unlike most spiders that build webs for hunting, Brazilian Wandering Spiders are active hunters. They spend their nights on the move, searching for prey and avoiding potential predators. These spiders have excellent eyesight and rely on their acute senses to detect movements and vibrations. When hunting, they employ a unique technique known as “lurking,” where they stay hidden, waiting for their prey to approach before quickly pouncing on it.

Diet of Brazilian Wandering Spiders

Brazilian Wandering Spiders have a varied diet, which includes insects, small rodents, and even lizards. Their venomous bite immobilizes their prey, making it easier for the spider to handle and consume. While they primarily feed on live prey, these versatile spiders can also scavenge for food when necessary, increasing their chances of survival in harsh environments.

Venomous Threats Posed by Brazilian Wandering Spiders

Potency of brazilian wandering spider venom.

The venom of the Brazilian Wandering Spider is considered one of the most potent among spider species. It contains a neurotoxin called PhTx3, which affects the nervous system, causing severe pain, muscle spasms, and potentially life-threatening reactions. Due to its toxicity, the venom of this spider is not only harmful to humans but can also be lethal to animals, including pets.

Signs and Symptoms of Spider Bites

When bitten by a Brazilian Wandering Spider, the symptoms can vary depending on the individual’s sensitivity and the amount of venom injected. Common signs of spider bites include intense pain, redness, swelling, and local tissue damage. In severe cases, individuals may experience systemic effects like muscle cramps, increased heart rate, sweating, and even difficulty breathing. It is crucial to seek medical attention immediately if bitten by this spider.

Health Risks and Potential Complications

Being bitten by a Brazilian Wandering Spider can lead to various health risks and potential complications. The neurotoxic effects of the venom can cause paralysis, respiratory failure, and in extreme cases, death. Additionally, some individuals may develop allergic reactions to the venom, further exacerbating the severity of the bite. Prompt medical treatment is essential to minimize the risks and complications associated with these spider bites.

Comparison to other Venomous Spiders

Compared to other venomous spiders, such as the Black Widow or Brown Recluse, the Brazilian Wandering Spider’s bite is known to be more lethal due to its potent venom. While the Black Widow and Brown Recluse spiders are found in different regions, their venom can cause severe local tissue damage and systemic symptoms as well. Each spider species presents unique risks, and understanding their differences is crucial in providing appropriate medical treatment.

Fatalities and Incidents Reported

Fatalities related to Brazilian Wandering Spider bites are rare, thanks to the availability of antivenom and timely medical interventions. However, incidents of spider bites resulting in immediate hospitalization and severe complications have been documented. Particularly vulnerable to these bites are children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions. Prompt reporting and proper management of spider bites are crucial to prevent tragic outcomes.

Medical Treatments for Brazilian Wandering Spider Bites

Emergency response and first aid measures.

In the event of a Brazilian Wandering Spider bite, immediate action is necessary. First and foremost, it is essential to stay calm and seek medical help without delay. While waiting for medical professionals to arrive, follow basic first aid measures, including cleaning the wound with mild soap and water, applying a cold compress to reduce swelling, and keeping the affected limb immobilized to minimize venom spread.

Antivenom Administration for Spider Bites

Antivenom is the primary treatment for Brazilian Wandering Spider bites. It contains antibodies that neutralize the venom’s effects, reducing pain and preventing further complications. Medical professionals will carefully administer the antivenom, closely monitoring the patient’s vital signs and ensuring appropriate dosage. Antivenom therapy is vital in counteracting the potent neurotoxin and providing the best chance for a successful recovery.

Management of Pain and Swelling

To alleviate pain and reduce swelling associated with spider bites, various medications can be prescribed. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used to decrease inflammation and relieve discomfort. In some cases, opioids may be necessary to manage severe pain. Applying ice packs to the bite site and elevating the affected limb can also help reduce swelling.

Treatment Approaches for Systemic Effects

When systemic effects occur due to a Brazilian Wandering Spider bite, additional treatment approaches are required. Muscle relaxants and anticonvulsant medications may be administered to control muscle spasms and reduce the risk of convulsions. Supportive care, such as intravenous fluids and oxygen therapy, may also be provided to maintain hydration and ensure respiratory stability.

Long-Term Effects and Follow-Up Care

Even after the initial treatment of a Brazilian Wandering Spider bite, long-term effects may persist. Some individuals may experience residual pain, muscle weakness, or psychological trauma. Follow-up care is vital to monitor and manage any lingering symptoms. Physical therapy and counseling may be recommended to aid in rehabilitation and promote psychological well-being.

Prevention and Control Measures

Understanding spider behavior and habitats.

Understanding the behavior and habitats of Brazilian Wandering Spiders is crucial for effective prevention and control. Being aware of their preference for dark, secluded areas allows individuals to take proactive measures to minimize encounters. Regularly inspecting and cleaning potential hiding spots and sealing any gaps or cracks in homes and buildings can significantly reduce the chances of a spider infestation.

Spider Bite Prevention Tips

To prevent spider bites, adopting certain preventive measures is advisable. Avoid reaching into dark spaces without proper visibility, especially when gardening or working with woodpiles. Shake out clothing and shoes before wearing them, as spiders may seek refuge in these items. Using gloves when handling items in potential spider habitats can also provide a line of defense against accidental bites.

Safety Measures for Homes and Buildings

Creating a spider-free environment within homes and buildings can be achieved through implementing safety measures. Regularly clean and declutter living spaces, as spiders are attracted to dark and undisturbed areas. Installing screens on windows and doorways can prevent spiders from entering, and using weatherstripping to seal gaps will minimize entry points. Additionally, keeping outdoor lights off or changing the color to be less attractive to insects can also deter spiders.

Protective Clothing and Gear

When venturing into areas known for spider activity, wearing protective clothing and gear is essential to minimize the risk of bites. Long-sleeved shirts, long pants, and closed-toe shoes can provide a physical barrier between the spider and the skin. Additionally, using gloves, hats, and face shields can further protect vulnerable areas, reducing the chances of accidental bites.

Insecticides and Pest Control Methods

In cases where spider infestations become significant and pose a threat, the use of insecticides and professional pest control methods may be necessary. It is important to follow local regulations and recommendations when applying insecticides, as some may be harmful to humans and pets. Seeking the assistance of licensed pest control experts ensures effective treatment while prioritizing safety.

Research and Studies on Brazilian Wandering Spiders

Scientific studies and species classification.

Scientific studies play a crucial role in expanding our knowledge of Brazilian Wandering Spiders. Researchers conduct studies to better understand their taxonomy, behavior, and venom composition. Species classification helps identify specific variations within the Phoneutria genus, allowing for more targeted research and providing a foundation for conservation efforts.

Venom Extraction and Composition

Extracting and analyzing the venom of Brazilian Wandering Spiders is essential for developing effective antivenom and understanding the biochemical properties of the venom. Researchers aim to identify the specific toxins present, their mechanisms of action, and potential therapeutic applications. Studying venom composition can uncover valuable insights into the spider’s hunting strategies and aid in the development of novel pharmaceuticals.

Antivenom Development and Efficacy

Research on antivenom development focuses on improving the efficacy and safety of existing treatments. Scientists work to refine antivenom formulations, ensuring they neutralize the spider’s venom effectively. Testing the antivenom’s efficacy against various species of Brazilian Wandering Spiders is crucial to provide broad coverage and maximize the chances of successful treatment.

Environmental Impact and Conservation

Understanding the environmental impact of Brazilian Wandering Spiders is essential for effective conservation strategies. Research delves into the spider’s role in the ecosystem, its interactions with other species, and the potential consequences of population decline. By assessing their conservation status and identifying threats, scientists and policymakers can develop measures to protect this species and preserve its natural habitats.

Future Research Directions

As scientific advancements continue, future research on Brazilian Wandering Spiders will focus on areas such as genetic studies, venom evolution, and behavior analysis. Deepening our understanding of their genetics can provide insights into their adaptability and evolutionary history, aiding in conservation efforts. Additionally, studying behavioral patterns can enhance our ability to predict their movements and prevent human encounters.

Emerging Concerns and Cases of Brazilian Wandering Spider

Global spread and entry into new regions.

The global spread of the Brazilian Wandering Spider is a growing concern. Due to international trade and transportation, these spiders have been inadvertently introduced to regions outside their native habitat. Their ability to adapt to new environments increases the risk of establishing invasive populations, impacting local ecosystems and potentially posing a threat to human health.

Importance of Surveillance and Reporting

Surveillance and reporting systems are vital in monitoring and preventing the spread of Brazilian Wandering Spiders. Prompt and accurate reporting of potential sightings ensures swift action can be taken to mitigate the risks associated with these spiders. Encouraging public involvement and providing education on spider identification can help improve surveillance efforts and enable effective measures to be implemented.

Documented Cases Outside Brazil

While the Brazilian Wandering Spider is primarily found in Brazil, documented cases of encounters and bites have been reported in other countries. This highlights the potential for these spiders to establish populations beyond their native range and emphasizes the need for international cooperation in addressing this emerging concern. Sharing knowledge and experiences across borders is crucial in managing and preventing spider-related incidents.

Impact on Tourism and International Trade

The presence of Brazilian Wandering Spiders in areas heavily reliant on tourism and international trade can have significant economic implications. Fear of spider encounters and bites may deter tourists and affect the tourism industry. Moreover, the risk of transporting spiders through international trade, particularly in goods such as fruits or plants, poses a biosecurity concern that requires strict monitoring and prevention measures.

Legal and Regulatory Measures

To address the emerging concerns associated with the Brazilian Wandering Spider, legal and regulatory measures are necessary. Countries need to establish and enforce regulations on the import and export of potentially infested goods, ensuring adequate inspection protocols are in place. Collaboration between governments, organizations, and industries is crucial in establishing effective policies to minimize the risks posed by these spiders.

Interactions and Reactions from Local Communities

Fear and anxiety-related reactions.

The presence of Brazilian Wandering Spiders often elicits fear and anxiety among local communities. The aggressive behavior and potential dangers associated with these spiders contribute to a negative perception. Understanding the psychological impact of these fears is essential to develop educational programs and support services that address community concerns and promote emotional well-being.

Education and Awareness Programs

Educational initiatives and awareness programs play a vital role in mitigating the fears surrounding Brazilian Wandering Spiders. Providing accurate information about the spiders, their behavior, and the appropriate actions to take in case of encounters or bites can help alleviate anxiety and empower individuals to respond effectively. School programs, community workshops, and online resources are valuable tools to disseminate information and promote awareness.

Myths, Folklore, and Cultural Beliefs

Brazilian Wandering Spiders often find themselves entwined in myths, folklore, and cultural beliefs. Some local communities associate these spiders with superstitions and consider them to be omens or symbols of danger. Understanding these cultural beliefs and engaging in respectful dialogue is crucial to dispel myths, foster a better understanding of the spiders, and promote a harmonious coexistence.

Spider as a Symbol in Art and Media

The intriguing nature of the Brazilian Wandering Spider makes it a subject of fascination in art, literature, and media. Artists incorporate the spider’s image into various forms of expression, creating artwork that captures its mystique and intricate details. It serves as a reminder of the spider’s significance in both natural and cultural contexts, sparking conversations and encouraging further exploration.

Local Efforts for Spider Conservation

Communities residing in areas populated by Brazilian Wandering Spiders often play a crucial role in their conservation. Local conservation efforts may involve initiatives such as promoting sustainable land use, raising awareness about the importance of biodiversity, and establishing protected areas or nature reserves. Engaging local communities in spider conservation fosters a sense of ownership and shared responsibility for safeguarding these fascinating creatures.

Comparison with Other Dangerous Spider Species

Brown Recluse Spider

The Brazilian Wandering Spider and the Brown Recluse Spider both pose threats to humans, but they have distinct characteristics. While the Brazilian Wandering Spider is known for its wandering nature and highly potent neurotoxic venom, the Brown Recluse Spider is recognized for its reclusive behavior and venom that can cause necrotic skin lesions. Understanding the differences between these species is crucial in providing appropriate medical treatment for bites.

Black Widow Spider

Both the Brazilian Wandering Spider and the Black Widow Spider are venomous, but their venom composition and effects differ. While the Brazilian Wandering Spider’s venom primarily affects the nervous system, the Black Widow Spider’s venom contains neurotoxins that target the neuromuscular junctions. Recognizing the symptoms and seeking appropriate medical treatment are essential in managing bites from these spiders.

Sydney Funnel-Web Spider

The Brazilian Wandering Spider and the Sydney Funnel-Web Spider are both known for their potent venom and aggressive behavior. However, the Sydney Funnel-Web Spider is native to Australia, while the Brazilian Wandering Spider is found in South and Central America. Despite their geographical differences, both spiders require urgent medical attention in the case of bites due to the potential severity of their venom.

Redback Spider

The Redback Spider, native to Australia, is similar to the Brazilian Wandering Spider in terms of venom potency and potentially lethal bites. They both belong to the family of spiders known for their neurotoxic venom. While the Brazilian Wandering Spider is more active and known for its wandering behavior, the Redback Spider tends to build webs and wait for their prey. Understanding their distinct characteristics is essential in providing targeted medical treatment.

Taipan Spider

The Taipan Spider, also known as the Coastal Taipan or Australian Tarantula, is another venomous spider species found in Australia. Its unique venom composition makes it distinct from the Brazilian Wandering Spider. The Taipan Spider is known for its highly potent neurotoxic venom, but its behavior and physical characteristics differ significantly from those of the Brazilian Wandering Spider. Recognizing the differences helps in accurately identifying and managing spider encounters.

Misidentification and Popular Misconceptions

Confusion with harmless spider species.

Spider misidentification is a common occurrence, leading to unnecessary panic and fear. The Brazilian Wandering Spider may be mistaken for non-venomous species, such as harmless Huntsman or Wolf spiders, due to a superficial resemblance. Educating the public about distinguishing features and encouraging accurate identification can prevent unnecessary concern and promote a better understanding of these spiders.

Spider Hoax and Urban Legends

Urban legends and hoaxes involving spiders, including the Brazilian Wandering Spider, have contributed to public misconceptions. Sensationalized stories on social media or unreliable sources often exaggerate the dangers associated with these spiders, perpetuating unnecessary fears. Encouraging critical thinking and relying on reputable sources for information can help dispel myths and prevent the spread of false information.

Exaggerated Claims and Sensationalism

Exaggerated claims and sensationalism in media portrayals of the Brazilian Wandering Spider can contribute to public hysteria. Highlighting the spiders’ aggressive behavior and potential lethality without providing accurate context can create unnecessary panic. Promoting responsible journalism that presents factual information and provides balanced perspectives is essential to ensure accurate public understanding of these spiders.

Social Media Impact on Public Perception

Social media platforms have a significant influence on public perception and understanding of the Brazilian Wandering Spider. Misinformation can spread rapidly, contributing to fear and misunderstanding. It is crucial to encourage responsible sharing of information, verify facts before sharing, and promote scientific literacy to combat the spread of inaccuracies and ensure accurate portrayals of these spiders.

Expert Clarifications and Reliable Sources

Experts and reliable sources play a vital role in clarifying misconceptions surrounding the Brazilian Wandering Spider. Educating the public about the spiders’ behavior, venom potency, and risks through reputable sources is crucial. Scientists, researchers, and medical professionals can provide accurate and evidence-based information, addressing concerns and dispelling myths surrounding these spiders.

Conservation Efforts and Habitat Protection

Need for conservation initiatives.

Conservation initiatives are crucial to protect the Brazilian Wandering Spider and its natural habitats. The preservation of biodiversity, including these unique arachnids, is essential for maintaining healthy ecosystems. By recognizing the ecological importance of spiders and their role in pest control, conservation efforts can be integrated into broader strategies aimed at preserving the planet’s biodiversity.

Preserving Natural Habitats

Preserving the natural habitats of Brazilian Wandering Spiders is paramount to their long-term survival. Protecting forests, wetlands, and other ecosystems ensures the spiders have suitable areas to thrive. Implementing sustainable land use practices and conservation policies that consider the needs of these spiders and their habitats can help safeguard their populations for future generations.

Captivity Breeding Programs

In certain cases, captivity breeding programs may be established to support the conservation of Brazilian Wandering Spiders. These programs provide controlled environments for breeding and rearing these spiders, ensuring genetic diversity and maintaining healthy populations. Collaboration between reputable institutions and regulatory bodies is crucial in developing and implementing successful breeding programs.

Community Involvement in Spider Protection

Engaging local communities in spider protection efforts fosters a sense of responsibility and promotes the overarching goal of conservation. Encouraging the participation of local residents in monitoring spider populations, reporting sightings, and supporting sustainable land use practices can enhance the effectiveness of conservation initiatives. Community involvement ensures that the conservation efforts reflect the needs and values of the people living in close proximity to these spiders.

Role of Zoos, Sanctuaries, and Research Institutions

Zoos, sanctuaries, and research institutions play a vital role in the conservation of Brazilian Wandering Spiders. These establishments provide controlled environments for the spiders, conduct research, and educate the public. By supporting scientific studies, raising awareness, and participating in breeding programs, these institutions contribute to the long-term conservation of these fascinating arachnids.

In conclusion, the Brazilian Wandering Spider, with its potent venom and unique hunting techniques, poses both a venomous threat and an ecological fascination. Understanding its behavior, venom, and appropriate medical treatments is crucial in mitigating risks associated with potential encounters. Conservation efforts, public education, and responsible reporting play essential roles in preserving the natural habitats of these spiders and dispelling myths surrounding them. By promoting a better understanding of the Brazilian Wandering Spider, we can foster a sense of coexistence and ensure the well-being of both humans and these remarkable arachnids.

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Mike Benkert

I'm a bug enthusiast and creator of BugsWorldWide, a blog sharing his 15 years of my experience caring for bugs. I've traveled the world bird watching and I'm committed to helping others with bug care. Contact me at [email protected] for assistance.

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FACT CHECKER

Misleading: bite from brazilian spider causes four-hour erection, high or low blood pressure, fast or a slow heartbeat, nausea, abdominal cramping among signs..

• But Urologist Dr. Peter Mungai said penile erection involves neuron stimulation and production of hormones which has nothing to do with a spider bite.

• In addition to intense pain and possible medical complications, the bite of a Brazilian wandering spider can deliver a long, painful erection to human males because the venom boosts nitric oxide, a chemical that increases blood flow.

A viral photo claiming that a bite from a Brazilian spider causes an erection lasting up to four hours is misleading.

The photo, widely shared in WhatsApp groups, encouraged those with an erection disorder to try the spider to up their performance.

This came up following an online publication claiming that the species contains a possible breakthrough for erectile dysfunction.

“Most people who find a spider in their bedroom quickly try to get rid of it. But new research shows that one arachnid might actually be best kept by your bedside. A single bite from the Brazilian wandering spider has been shown to have side effects including a four-hour-long erection,” read part of the article.

But Urologist Dr. Peter Mungai said an erection occurs when a man becomes sexually aroused allowing hormones, muscles, nerves, and blood vessels to work together.

Mungai said penile erection involves neuron stimulation and production of hormones which has nothing to do with a spider bite.

“This is just a good joke because a spider cannot produce the hormones or neurons needed to stimulate a penile erection,” he said.

“If it is true that such information is doing rounds then it could be by some sadists who do not understand the mechanism of erection,” he added.

The neurons in these hypothalamic nuclei contain peptidergic neurotransmitters, including oxytocin and vasopressin, which may be involved in penile erection.

Several brain stem and medullary centres are also involved in sexual function.

For an erection to occur, nerve signals sent from the brain to the penis stimulate muscles to relax in turn, allowing blood to flow to the tissue in the penis.

Once the blood fills the penis and an erection is achieved, the blood vessels to the penis close off so that the erection is maintained.

Following sexual arousal, the blood vessels to the penis open up again, allowing the blood to leave.

However several studies here indicate that the Brazilian wandering spiders' venom is a complex cocktail of toxins, proteins and peptides which affects ion channels and chemical receptors in victims' neuromuscular systems.

The wandering spiders, also called armed spiders or banana spiders, belong to the genus Phoneutria, which means "murderess" in Greek. And it's no wonder why — it's one of the most venomous spiders on Earth.

After a human is bitten by one of these spiders, he or she may experience initial symptoms such as severe burning pain at the site of the bite, sweating and goosebumps.

Within 30 minutes, symptoms become systemic and include high or low blood pressure, fast or a slow heartbeat, nausea, abdominal cramping, hypothermia, vertigo, blurred vision, convulsions and excessive sweating associated with shock.

In addition to intense pain and possible medical complications, the bite of a Brazilian wandering spider can deliver a long, painful erection to human males because the venom boosts nitric oxide, a chemical that increases blood flow.

People who are bitten by a Brazilian wandering spider should seek medical attention immediately.

Several studies are looking at incorporating the venom into drugs for erectile dysfunction.

However, these bites are rare, and envenomations are usually mild.

The Star’s fact check concludes that while it is true a bite from this spider may cause an erection, it is a painful erection which is a disorder due to the venom.

The information is thus misleading. 

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Understanding the Wandering Spider: Quick Essential Facts

Wandering spiders are a group of venomous arachnids found primarily in South America.

Among these, the Brazilian wandering spider is particularly known for its potent venom and unique behavior. They are often referred to as “banana spiders” due to their frequent encounters with humans in banana plantations.

As a reader, you might be interested in learning more about these fascinating creatures, including their habitat, hunting techniques, and the effects of their venom.

In this article, we will delve into the world of wandering spiders and provide you with all the essential information to satisfy your curiosity.

Scientific Classification and Naming

The wandering spider belongs to the genus Phoneutria , which is a part of the Ctenidae family.

These spiders are known for their potent venom and aggressive behavior. Here is the scientific classification of the wandering spider:

• Kingdom: Animalia
• Phylum: Arthropoda
• Subphylum: Chelicerata
• Class: Arachnida
• Order: Araneae
• Family: Ctenidae
• Genus: Phoneutria

Within the genus Phoneutria, two species are particularly noteworthy: Phoneutria fera and Phoneutria nigriventer, also known as P. nigriventer . These spiders are primarily found in South America and other tropical regions.

Phoneutria fera and P. nigriventer differ in some aspects. Let’s compare their features using a table:

Some key characteristics of the wandering spiders in the genus Phoneutria include:

• Potent venom that can be dangerous to humans
• Nocturnal hunters and are active at night
• Equipped with long, spiny legs for capturing prey
• Aggressive defenders of their territory

By understanding the scientific classification and differences between Phoneutria species, you can better appreciate the diversity and fascinating biology of these wandering spiders.

Identification and Appearance

Color and size.

The wandering spider, also known as the banana spider, has a distinctive appearance that can help you easily identify it in the wild.

They usually have a combination of hairy brown and black colors on their body. Their size can vary, but they are generally considered large spiders. Their size can range from 1 to 2 inches in body length.

When it comes to wandering spider’s leg span, these creatures can have an impressive reach. Their leg span can extend up to 5-6 inches.

Some key characteristics of a wandering spider’s legs include:

Habitat and Distribution

Wandering Spiders are known to inhabit various environments, including rainforests and tropical forests.

These spiders can adapt to different habitats based on their needs and availability of food sources. They prefer warm and humid places, as these conditions suit their growth and reproduction.

Geographical Coverage

Wandering spiders are found in Central and South America .

They live in forests from Costa Rica to Argentina, including Colombia, Venezuela, The Guianas, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and Northern Argentina.

They may also be present in some parts of the United States, particularly in the northern part of southern America.

However, they don’t inhabit countries like Australia. In summary, the Wandering Spider is mostly prevalent in the following areas:

• South America
• Central America
• Southern parts of the United States

Types of Wandering Spiders

Here’s a brief description of the major types of wandering spiders.

Brazilian wandering spiders

Also known as armed or banana spiders, these spiders are nocturnal and don’t make webs.

They are known to have been transported outside of South America in banana shipments.

Phoneutria nigriventer

These spiders contain neurotoxins that can cause cerebral changes and breakdown of the blood-brain barrier .

Their venom is medically significant and has been used in manufacturing drugs. Their bites may be fatal to children.

Ctenus captiosus

Also known as the Florida false wolf spider or tropical wolf spider, this species is found in the United States.

Some species of these spiders are large and scary-looking, but they’re only mildly venomous. Their venom is comparable to a bee sting.

Other types of wandering spiders include: Acantheis, Acanthoctenus, Africactenus, and Afroneutria.

Behavior and Diet

Aggression level.

Wandering spiders, as their name suggests, are known for their aggressive behavior .

While they won’t attack without provocation, if they feel threatened, they will not hesitate to defend themselves.

This is especially true during mating season.

Prey and Predators

In their natural habitat, wandering spiders primarily feed on insects and small vertebrates, such as:

• Insects like ants and moths
• Small amphibians

This diverse diet allows them to thrive in various ecosystems.

However, they are not top predators, as their natural predators include larger birds, mammals, and other spiders.

Nocturnal Activities

Wandering spiders are nocturnal creatures , which means they are active during the night.

During the day, they remain hidden in their retreats, often made from rolled-up leaves or small crevices.

At night, they leave their hiding spots to search for prey using their strong hunting skills.

Venom and Its Effects

Composition of venom.

The venom of the wandering spider is a complex mixture containing several toxic components.

Its main component is a potent neurotoxin, which can have severe effects on your nervous system 1 . Here’s a brief overview of its composition:

• Neurotoxins

Symptoms and Severity

A wandering spider’s venomous bite can cause a wide range of symptoms, depending on the severity of envenomation. These symptoms may include 2 :

• Mild to moderate pain
• Redness and swelling at the bite site
• Irregular heartbeat
• Difficulty breathing
• Blurred vision
• High blood pressure

Some severe cases may result in life-threatening complications, such as respiratory failure or even death 2 .

Medical Treatment and Antivenom

If bitten by a wandering spider, it’s crucial to seek immediate medical attention. Treatment often involves the following steps:

• Cleaning and immobilizing the affected area
• Monitoring and managing the symptoms
• Administering antivenom if it’s available and appropriate, depending on the severity of envenomation 3

Antivenom is specific to the venom of the wandering spider and can help neutralize its effects.

However, the availability of antivenom may be limited in some regions 3 .

Always remember that prevention is better than cure: learning how to identify and avoid wandering spiders is the best way to stay safe.

Reproduction and Mating

Mating ritual.

When it’s time for reproduction, the wandering spider undergoes an intriguing mating ritual.

The male spider performs a dance to attract the female by displaying his brightly colored legs and vibrating his body.

During the process, the male also produces a sperm web and transfers his sperm to the female’s reproductive organs using his pedipalps.

Egg Sacs and Offspring

After the mating process, the female wandering spider will create an egg sac to protect her eggs.

The sac consists of silk and can hold hundreds of eggs. She then attaches it to a safe hiding place, usually against a protective surface or within a secure web.

The female often guards the egg sac to ensure the protection of her offspring until they hatch.

Once the spiderlings hatch, they are known to be highly independent.

They disperse quickly and start their own journey, fending for themselves soon after emerging from the egg sac.

As they grow, they’ll go through a series of molts before reaching adulthood and beginning their own reproductive cycle.

Danger and Defense Mechanisms

The Wandering Spider is known to be one of the most dangerous spiders in the world.

Although they can potentially kill humans, fatalities are rare due to their reluctance to bite.

Oddly enough, their venom can cause an involuntary erection in men, alongside other painful symptoms.

Here are some ways the Wandering Spider protects itself and displays its dangerous nature:

• Fangs : These spiders are equipped with strong, sharp fangs that can easily pierce human skin, allowing them to inject their venom with ease.
• Venom : Their venom is potent and can cause severe pain, inflammation, and other adverse effects. In rare cases, it can even lead to death.

While interacting with Wandering Spiders, be cautious and observe them from a safe distance.

Knowing their defense mechanisms will help you respect their space and avoid any unpleasant encounters.

Remember, it’s essential to be informed and aware when dealing with these fascinating, yet dangerous creatures.

Comparison with Other Dangerous Spiders

Comparison to black widow.

The black widow spider is notorious for its potent venom, but the wandering spider has a stronger venom overall.

Both spiders are capable of causing severe symptoms, but the black widow’s venom is primarily neurotoxic, affecting your nervous system.

In contrast, the wandering spider’s venom can cause both neurotoxic and cytotoxic effects, potentially damaging your nerves and cells.

• Potent neurotoxic venom
• Red hourglass marking
• Stronger venom (neurotoxic and cytotoxic)
• No distinct marking

Comparison to Brown Recluse

The brown recluse spider is known for its necrotic venom that can lead to tissue damage and sometimes requires medical intervention.

While both the brown recluse and wandering spider can produce venomous bites, wandering spiders are considered more dangerous due to the potency of their venom and the severity of their bite symptoms.

• Necrotic venom
• Dark violin-shaped marking

Comparison to Wolf Spider

Wolf spiders are frequently mistaken for more dangerous spiders due to their size and appearance.

Although they can bite, their venom is not particularly potent and generally only causes mild itching, redness, and swelling.

In comparison, the wandering spider’s venom is far more dangerous, and its bite can result in serious symptoms, requiring immediate medical attention.

• Large and hairy
• Smoother appearance

Comparison to Sydney Funnel-Web Spider

The Sydney funnel-web spider is another highly venomous spider known for its potentially lethal bites.

While both spiders possess powerful venom, the wandering spider has a broader range of symptoms due to the combination of neurotoxic and cytotoxic effects.

In conclusion, wandering spiders are more dangerous than wolf spiders but their venom’s effects are more varied compared to black widows, brown recluses, and Sydney funnel-web spiders.

Be cautious around these spiders and seek medical help if bitten.

Interesting Facts and Guinness World Records

The Wandering Spider, also known as the Brazilian Wandering Spider, is a fascinating creature that has caught the attention of many.

They belong to the genus Phoneutria , which means “murderess” in Greek, giving you an idea of their potency. Let’s explore some interesting facts about this spider and its place in the Guinness World Records.

First, you might be curious about their venom. The Wandering Spider is known for having one of the most potent venoms among spiders.

In fact, it holds the Guinness World Record for the most venomous spider. Their venom contains a potent neurotoxin that can cause severe symptoms, including difficulty breathing, high blood pressure, and intense pain.

Apart from their venom, their behavior is also quite intriguing. These spiders are called “wandering” because they are known for actively hunting their prey rather than spinning webs to catch them.

They are mostly nocturnal creatures and, during the day, can be found hiding in logs or dark crevices.

Here are a few more notable characteristics of the Wandering Spider:

• Females are larger than males, with a body length of up to 1.6 inches (4 cm).
• They have eight eyes, arranged in two rows, which help them in hunting.
• The Wandering Spider is primarily found in Central and South America, particularly in Brazil.
• They are known to show aggression when threatened.

While the Wandering Spider is a marvel of the arachnid world, it’s essential to keep a safe distance from them due to their venomous nature.

However, their unique characteristics and record-breaking venom potency make them a fascinating subject for those interested in the natural world.

Prevention and Safety Measures

To protect yourself from wandering spiders, there are some simple safety measures you can take.

Firstly, be cautious in areas where these spiders may live, such as dark and warm spaces. For example, avoid reaching into crevices or lifting piles of wood without inspecting them first.

Always wear appropriate shoes when outdoors, particularly in wooded or grassy areas. This can help prevent bites on your feet or ankles.

Reduce the risk of wandering spiders entering your home by sealing gaps and cracks. This minimizes the chance of the spiders finding a way inside.

Regularly clean your living spaces, paying special attention to dark and hidden areas. By maintaining a clean environment, you’ll discourage wandering spiders from making themselves at home.

When out in nature, avoid disturbing spider habitats like webs or egg sacs. This can prevent agitating wandering spiders, reducing your chance of accidental encounters.

Remember, wandering spiders can be dangerous, but by taking these precautions, you can significantly reduce your risk of encountering them or being bitten. Stay safe and always be aware of your surroundings.

In summary, wandering spiders, particularly those in the genus Phoneutria, are a group of venomous arachnids predominantly found in Central, South America and parts of Southern United States.

These spiders, including the Brazilian wandering spider, are known for their potent venom, nocturnal hunting habits, and aggressive defense mechanisms.

Their venom, containing neurotoxins and other components, can cause severe symptoms in humans, making them one of the most dangerous spider species.

Despite their fearsome reputation, fatalities are rare, and they play a vital role in their ecosystems.

It’s important to respect their space and take preventive measures to avoid encounters. Understanding these spiders’ behavior, habitat, and characteristics can help in appreciating their role in nature while ensuring safety.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2857337/ ↩

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3851068/ ↩ ↩ 2

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6560916/ ↩ ↩ 2

Reader Emails

Over the years, our website, whatsthatbug.com has received hundreds of letters and some interesting images asking us about wandering spiders. Scroll down to have a look at some of them.

Letter 1 – Wandering Spider from Ecuador

Hi Michele, There is a resemblance to the Dolomedes Fishing Spiders, and finding it near a river lends credence to that possibility. Eric Eaton noticed this posting and has this to say: ” Ok, the spiders from Ecuador and Costa Rica: They are most likely NOT wolf spiders, but wandering spiders, either in the family Ctenidae or Sparassidae. They tend to be more common, and even larger than, wolf spiders in the tropics. At least one species, Phoneutria fera, is extremely aggressive, with potentially deadly venom. Do not mess with large spiders in Central and South America! The venomous types are very difficult to distinguish from harmless species, and in any event, a bite is going to be really painful. These spiders sometimes stow away in bananas, houseplants, and other exported goods, so they can show up in odd places. Be careful where you put your hands.”

Update:  May 14, 2013 We now have a confirmation that this is a Wandering Spider, Phoneutria fera , and it is a dangerous species.  See Encyclopedia Britannica and Animal Corner .

Letter 2 – Brazilian Wandering Spider: Most Venomous Animal

Hi Martin, We are happy you were able to write to us after your encounter with this Brazilian Wandering Spider and are thrilled to be able to post your story and photos to our site. We started to research, and our first hit has a different species name. Phoneutria fera is described as: “The Brazilian Wandering Spider is not for the ‘pet keeper’. Brazilian Wandering Spiders are extremely fast, extremely venomous, and extremely aggressive. These large and dangerous true spiders are ranked among the most venomous spiders known to man. In fact, the Brazilian Wandering Spider is the most venomous spider in the New World! In South America, these true spiders are commonly encountered in peoples’ homes, supposedly hiding in peoples’ shoes, hats, and other clothes. The Brazilian Wandering Spider does not remain on a web, rather, it wanders the forest floor, hence the name.” Our favorite information on Wikipedia is that Phoneutria is Greek for “murderess”. Here is one final tidbit about the effect of the bite of the Brazilian Wandering Spider on the human male .

Letter 3 – Possibly Wandering Spider from Ecuador

Dear Mike, This is really an interesting Spider, but other than to say it appears to be a hunting spider that does not build a web to entrap prey, we aren’t sure about its identity.  Many hunting spiders can jump quite well.  It looks very much like the spider in a posting in our archives, also from Ecuador, that we identified as possibly a Wandering Spider in the genus Phoneutria, a venomous and potentially dangerous genus .  The spotted legs on your individual look like the spotted legs on an individual in an image on Wikipedia of a Wandering Spider in the genus Phoneutria .  There are many images of Brazilian Wandering Spiders on Primal Shutter and we believe that might be a correct identification for your individual.

Thank you for the information.  After reading more about the spider, I’m glad it didn’t jump! Mike

Letter 4 – Possibly Wandering Spider from Ecuador

Dear Carl, We believe, though we are not certain, that this might be a Wandering Spider in the genus Phoneutria, and you may read more about Wandering Spiders on the Museum für Naturkunde Karlsruhe website where it states:  “There is no doubt that the venom of some of the species is quite potent for mammals, including humans.”  We eagerly welcome additional opinions on this identification.  Perhaps Cesar Crash of Insetologia can provide something.  In the future, please submit a single species per submission form as it makes it extremely difficult for us to categorize postings with multiple species.

Letter 5 – Wandering Spider from Belize

Hi Karl, Thanks for allowing us to post your excellent image of a Wandering Spider, Cupiennius salei .  The species is pictured on iNaturalist .

Bugman aka Daniel Marlos has been identifying bugs since 1999. whatsthatbug.com is his passion project and it has helped millions of readers identify the bug that has been bugging them for over two decades. You can reach out to him through our Contact Page .

Piyushi is a nature lover, blogger and traveler at heart. She lives in beautiful Canada with her family. Piyushi is an animal lover and loves to write about all creatures.

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8 comments . leave new.

Hi Michele, I am an Ecuadorian scientist and specialized on spiders, I would like to find one like yours, I can say that, almost without doubt, you found the Phoneutria itself, it is the Phoneutria fera, look at this picture: http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-bFH9qzT0F7U/T_2sZuk6xAI/AAAAAAAAAGY/8jnMVcPOcNI/s1600/phoneutria_fera2.jpg&imgrefurl=http://rangerbaiano.blogspot.com/2012/07/animais-peconhentos-e-venenosos.html&usg=__iCWEz7S86xub6RAyvXTER6HBaco=&h=864&w=834&sz=215&hl=es-419&start=6&zoom=1&tbnid=jjOROVO9h-vKXM:&tbnh=145&tbnw=140&ei=99eRUY6xKo2K9QTLvYCoDQ&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dphoneutria%2Bfera%26sa%3DN%26hl%3Des-US%26sout%3D1%26tbm%3Disch%26prmd%3Divns&itbs=1&sa=X&ved=0CDYQrQMwBQ Can you see the similarities?, unfortunately the spider might be in a better life today 🙂 Another thing, when you want identifications you should take a picture in front, the under part, and the upper part, as well as some characteristics about behaviour like how they react when you approach. The Phoneutria is a very agressive one.. best wishes, bye.

Hi Miguel, Thanks so much for the comment. This is a seven year old posting and we did not have the ability to post comments when it was originally posted online. We have made an update on What’s That Bug? and your comment is greatly appreciated.

Ah, there is also needed the size and the picture of its face so we can see the eye arrangement, depending on that it could also be pisauridae, but I stay in Ctenidae..

This is a female Cupiennius sp. wandering spider.

Perhaps surprisingly, this ubiquitous large spider of the Mindo area appears to be undescribed to species level.

Although one is indeed best advised to exercise caution in the presence of large ctenids, members of the genus Cupiennius are not known to be dangerously venomous (Barth, 2002). By way of confirmation, my girlfriend, Shannon Bowley, managed to be bitten by a mature female of this Mindo species in 2013 – she felt only mild effects, equivalent to a bee sting.

Thanks for this valuable information.

I’m planning a trip to Ecuador and I’m fearing these spiders. Do they get in houses? Any tips to keep them out, so I can sleep at night?

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Brazilian Wandering Spider

The Brazilian Wandering Spider (Phoneutria fera) is a teardrop-shaped arachnid with a brown coloration. Known for its potent venom, it thrives in both the lush rainforests and human dwellings of Brazil. Its notorious wandering behavior makes it a significant presence in its habitats.

Fascinating Facts about Brazilian Wandering Spider

Here are 3 interesting facts about Brazilian Wandering Spider:

• The Brazilian Wandering Spider is considered the world's most venomous spider by the Guinness World Records.
• They are known as 'wandering' spiders because they roam the jungle floor at night instead of residing in a lair or web.
• Despite their notorious reputation, their bites rarely cause death in humans due to the small amount of venom they inject.

Taxonomy and Classification

Here is the scientific categorization of Brazilian Wandering Spider, providing a glimpse of their position in the biological hierarchy:

Lifecycle and Growth

Brazilian Wandering Spider's life is a journey of transformation - an adventure marked by the following captivating stages:

Egg → Spiderling → Adult

The Brazilian Wandering Spider, primarily found in the rainforest, exhibits a lifecycle that spans both wilderness and human habitats. From egg to adult, it navigates a complex path through dense foliage and human dwellings, adapting to these contrasting environments.

Brazilian Wandering Spider Behaviour and Adaptations

Brazilian Wandering Spiders are known for their nomadic behavior. Instead of building webs to catch prey, they actively hunt at night, using their highly developed senses, particularly vision, to locate and stalk their prey.

These arachnids have adapted to a wide range of habitats, from forests to urban areas. Their potent neurotoxic venom, one of the most powerful among spiders, allows them to incapacitate and consume a variety of prey.

Brazilian Wandering Spider Interaction with the Ecosystem

Now, let's look at how they help maintain the balance in the ecosystem:

• Brazilian Wandering Spiders play a crucial role in controlling the population of their prey, which includes insects and small mammals.
• They serve as a food source for larger animals, contributing to the food chain in their ecosystem.
• Their venom, although dangerous to humans, is studied for medicinal purposes including treatments for erectile dysfunction and pain relief.

Threats to Brazilian Wandering Spider

Despite their popularity and predator status, Brazilian Wandering Spider encounter several threats as well:

• Destruction of natural habitat due to deforestation
• Increased usage of pesticides affecting their food chain
• Climate change potentially disrupting their breeding patterns

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What do Brazilian Wandering Spider Eat?

Learn what food Brazilian Wandering Spider eat, and also information about how they eat and drink.

Move over, Viagra — this spider's boner-inducing venom could treat people let down by the blue pill

Scientists say a synthetic compound derived from Brazilian wandering spider venom could treat people with erectile dysfunction for whom drugs like Viagra don't work.

A spider whose venom triggers prolonged and painful erections may hold the key to more inclusive treatments for erectile dysfunction, scientists in Brazil report.

The researchers are testing a new drug derived from the venom of the Brazilian wandering spider ( Phoneutria nigriventer ), also called the banana spider because it is sometimes accidentally exported in banana shipments . It is one of the most toxic species of spiders in the world. 

Among other symptoms — including increased blood pressure, nausea, abdominal cramps and convulsions — this spider's bite can cause a "prolonged and painful erection, which can lead to necrosis of the penis," meaning death of its tissues, Maria Elena de Lima , a professor of biomedicine and medicine at the Santa Casa Belo Horizonte hospital in Brazil who is leading the research, said in a translated statement .

However, in initial tests, a boner-triggering molecule drawn from the venom appears safe to use in humans. "Tests, so far, have demonstrated that the compound works with the application of a minimum amount and without any toxicity," de Lima said.

Related: 1st over-the-counter gel for erectile dysfunction approved by the FDA

The team hopes the molecule will eventually be an alternative to the drugs that are currently available to treat erectile dysfunction, such as Viagra and Cialis. These currently available treatments don't work for all patients and pose risks for those already taking nitrates — which are often prescribed for chest pain — as the combination can cause a dangerous drop in blood pressure . 

While erectile dysfunction treatments are generally thought safe for people with high blood pressure who are otherwise healthy, they are not suitable for patients who, in addition to high blood pressure, also have urinary tract problems. The drugs may also pose risks for people with severe heart or liver problems .

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The researchers, who have been studying banana spider venom for about 20 years, identified the molecule responsible for bite victims' involuntary erections in 2008, according to the statement. Further work led to the creation of a synthetic equivalent in the laboratory, called BZ371A, which scientists first tested on mice and rats.

The molecule, which scientists formulated into a gel and applied to the rodents' groins, triggered erections in the animals. Like the spider's venom, BZ371A triggers the release of nitric oxide, which boosts blood flow to the genital area; Viagra, by comparison, blocks an enzyme to make the penis more sensitive to nitric oxide released by the body. The treatment was successful in old rodents and those with high blood pressure and diabetes, the researchers said, suggesting it might work in people for whom effective medication is currently unavailable.

After testing it on rodents, the researchers performed a pilot experiment in men and women to test the safety of the gel in humans, and they then demonstrated the lack of toxic or otherwise undesirable effects in the first phase of clinical trials.

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"It only has good local effects, with the absence of negative systemic effects," Dr. Paulo Lacativa , a doctor and the CEO of Biozeus, the company currently developing the drug, said in the statement.

The drug is now entering the second phase of trials, in which researchers will test its effects on men with erectile dysfunction as a result of prostatectomy, the surgical removal of the prostate, which often leads to sexual dysfunction, according to the statement.

The treatment must pass a third and final phase of testing before it can potentially be approved as a medicine. The researchers are hopeful the drug could also treat female sexual dysfunction, as they found it increased blood flow to the female genital area in the pilot experiment.

Sascha is a U.K.-based trainee staff writer at Live Science. She holds a bachelor’s degree in biology from the University of Southampton in England and a master’s degree in science communication from Imperial College London. Her work has appeared in The Guardian and the health website Zoe. Besides writing, she enjoys playing tennis, bread-making and browsing second-hand shops for hidden gems.

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Deadly Venom From Spiders and Snakes May Also Cure What Ails You

Efforts to tease apart the vast swarm of proteins in venom — a field called venomics — have burgeoned in recent years, leading to important drug discoveries.

A rattlesnake at the Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum, which keeps snakes and scorpions for their venom. Credit... Ash Ponders for The New York Times

Supported by

By Jim Robbins

• Published May 3, 2022 Updated May 6, 2022

TUCSON, Ariz. — In a small room in a building at the Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum, the invertebrate keeper, Emma Califf, lifts up a rock in a plastic box. “This is one of our desert hairies,” she said, exposing a three-inch-long scorpion, its tail arced over its back. “The largest scorpion in North America.”

This captive hairy, along with a swarm of inch-long bark scorpions in another box, and two dozen rattlesnakes of varying species and sub- species across the hall, are kept here for the coin of the realm: their venom.

Efforts to tease apart the vast swarm of proteins in venom — a field called venomics — have burgeoned in recent years, and the growing catalog of compounds has led to a number of drug discoveries. As the components of these natural toxins continue to be assayed by evolving technologies, the number of promising molecules is also growing.

“A century ago we thought venom had three or four components, and now we know just one type of venom can have thousands,” said Leslie V. Boyer, a professor emeritus of pathology at the University of Arizona. “Things are accelerating because a small number of very good laboratories have been pumping out information that everyone else can now use to make discoveries.”

She added, “There’s a pharmacopoeia out there waiting to be explored.”

It is a striking case of modern-day scientific alchemy: The most highly evolved of natural poisons on the planet are creating a number of effective medicines with the potential for many more.

One of the most promising venom-derived drugs to date comes from the deadly Fraser Island funnel web spider of Australia, which halts cell death after a heart attack .

Blood flow to the heart is reduced after a heart attack, which makes the cell environment more acidic and leads to cell death. The drug, a protein called Hi1A, is scheduled for clinical trials next year. In the lab, it was tested on the cells of beating human hearts. It was found to block their ability to sense acid, “so the death message is blocked, cell death is reduced, and we see improved heart cell survival,” said Nathan Palpant, a researcher at the University of Queensland in Australia who helped make the discovery.

If proven in trials, it could be administered by emergency medical workers, and might prevent the damage that occurs after heart attacks and possibly improve outcomes in heart transplants by keeping the donor heart healthier longer.

“It looks like it’s going to be a heart attack wonder drug,” said Bryan Fry, an associate professor of toxicology at the University of Queensland, who is familiar with the research but was not involved in it. “And it’s from one of the most vilified creatures” in Australia.

The techniques used to process venom compounds have become so powerful that they are creating new opportunities. “We can do assays nowadays using only a couple of micrograms of venom that 10 or 15 years ago would have required hundreds of micrograms,” or more, Dr. Fry said. “What this has done is open up all the other venomous lineages out there that produce tiny amounts of material.”

There is an enormous natural library to sort through. Hundreds of thousands of species of reptile, insect, spider, snail and jellyfish, among other creatures, have mastered the art of chemical warfare with venom. Moreover, the makeup of venom varies from animal to animal. There is a kind of toxic terroir: Venom differs in quantity, potency and proportion and types of toxin, according to habitat and diet, and even by changing temperatures due to climate change.

Venom is made of a complex mix of toxins, which are composed of proteins with unique characteristics. They are so deadly because evolution has honed their effectiveness for so long — some 54 million years for snakes and 600 million for jellyfish.

Venom is the product of a biological arms race over that time; as venom becomes more deadly, victims evolve more resistance, which in turn makes venom even deadlier. Humans are included in that dynamic. “We are made of protein and our protein has little complex configurations on it that make us human,” said Dr. Boyer, who founded the Venom Immunochemistry, Pharmacology, and Emergency Response Institute, or VIPER. “And those little configurations are targets of the venom.”

The specific cellular proteins that the venom molecules have evolved to target with pinpoint accuracy are what make the drugs derived from them — which use the same pathways — so effective. Some proteins, however, have inherent problems that can make new drugs from them unworkable.

There is usually no need to gather venom to make these drugs. Once they are identified, they can be synthesized.

There are three main effects from venom. Neurotoxins attack the nervous system, paralyzing the victim. Hemotoxins target the blood and local tissue toxins attack the area around the site of poison exposure.

Numerous venom-derived drugs are on the market. Captopril, the first, was created in the 1970s from the venom of a Brazilian jararaca pit viper to treat high blood pressure. It has been successful commercially. Another drug, exenatide, is derived from Gila monster venom and is prescribed for Type 2 diabetes. Draculin is an anticoagulant from vampire bat venom and is used to treat stroke and heart attack.

The venom of the Israeli deathstalker scorpion is the source of a compound in clinical trials that finds and illuminates breast and colon tumors.

Some proteins have been flagged as potential candidates for new drugs, but they have to journey through the long process of manufacture and clinical trials, which can take many years and cost millions of dollars. In March, researchers at the University of Utah announced that they had discovered a fast-acting molecule in cone snails . Cone snails fire their venom into fish, which causes the victims’ glucose levels to drop so rapidly it kills them. It holds promise as a drug for diabetes. Bee venom appears to work with a wide range of pathologies and has recently been found to kill aggressive breast cancer cells .

In Brazil researchers have been looking at the venom of the Brazilian wandering spider as a possible source of a new drug for erectile dysfunction — because of what happens to human victims when they are bit. “A characteristic of their envenomation is that males get extraordinary painful, incredibly long-lasting erections,” Dr. Fry said. “They have to separate it from its lethal factor, of course, and find a way to dial it back.”

Some scientists have long suspected that important secrets are locked up in venom. Scientific interest first surfaced in the 17th century. In the mid-18th century the Italian physician and polymath Felice Fontana added to the body of knowledge with his treatise, and in 1860 the first research to look at venom components was conducted by S. Weir Mitchell in Philadelphia.

The medicinal use of venom has a long history, often without scientific support. Venom-dipped needles are a traditional form of acupuncture. Bee sting therapy, in which a swarm of bees is placed on the skin, is used by some natural healers. The rock musician Steve Ludwin claims to have routinely injected himself with diluted venom, believing it to be a tonic that builds his immune system and boosts his energy.

The demand for venom is increasing. Ms. Califf of the Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum said she had to travel to the desert to find more bark scorpions, which she hunts at night with a black light because they glow in the dark. Arizona, Dr. Boyer said, is “venom central,” with more venomous creatures than in any other U.S. state, making it well suited for this kind of production.

Scorpion venom is harvested by applying a tiny electrical current to the arachnid, which causes it to excrete a small drop of the amber liquid at the tip of its tail. With snakes, venom glands are gently massaged as they bare their fangs over a martini glass. After they surrender their venom, the substance is sent to researchers around the globe.

Pit vipers, including rattlesnakes, have other unusual adaptations. The “pit” is the site of the biological equipment that allows snakes to sense the heat of their prey. “You can blindfold a snake and it will still strike the target,” Dr. Boyer said.

But it’s not just venom that’s far better understood these days. In the last few years, there has been a well-heeled and concerted search for antivenom.

In 2019 the Wellcome Trust created a $100 million fund toward the pursuit. Since then there have been numerous research efforts around the world looking for a single universal treatment — one that can be carried into remote areas to immediately help someone bitten by any type of venomous snake. Currently, different types of snakebites have different antivenom.

It has been difficult. The wide array of ingredients in venom that benefit new drug research has also made it difficult to find a drug that can neutralize them. One promising universal antivenom, varespladib, is in clinical trials.

Experts hope the role of venom will lead to more respect for the fear-inducing creatures who create them. Dr. Fry, for his work on anticoagulants, is studying the venom of Komodo dragons, which, at 10 feet long and more than 300 pounds, is the largest lizard in the world. It is also highly endangered.

Work on the Komodo, “allows us to talk about the broader conservation message,” he said.

“You want nature around because it’s a biobank,” he added. “We can only find these interesting compounds from these magnificent creatures if they are not extinct.”

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Holistic profiling of the venom from the Brazilian wandering spider Phoneutria nigriventer by combining high-throughput ion channel screens with venomics

F. c. cardoso.

1 Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

2 Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

A. A. Walker

M. v. gomez.

3 Department of Neurotransmitters, Institute of Education and Research, Santa Casa, Belo Horizonte, Brazil

Rodrigo Ligabue-Braun , Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Brazil

Luiza Gremski , Federal University of Paraná, Brazil

Associated Data

The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The name of the repository and accession number are ProteomeXchange PRIDE repository; PXD037904.

Introduction: Spider venoms are a unique source of bioactive peptides, many of which display remarkable biological stability and neuroactivity. Phoneutria nigriventer , often referred to as the Brazilian wandering spider, banana spider or “armed” spider, is endemic to South America and amongst the most dangerous venomous spiders in the world. There are 4,000 envenomation accidents with P. nigriventer each year in Brazil, which can lead to symptoms including priapism, hypertension, blurred vision, sweating, and vomiting. In addition to its clinical relevance, P. nigriventer venom contains peptides that provide therapeutic effects in a range of disease models.

Methods: In this study, we explored the neuroactivity and molecular diversity of P. nigriventer venom using fractionation-guided high-throughput cellular assays coupled to proteomics and multi-pharmacology activity to broaden the knowledge about this venom and its therapeutic potential and provide a proof-of-concept for an investigative pipeline to study spider-venom derived neuroactive peptides. We coupled proteomics with ion channel assays using a neuroblastoma cell line to identify venom compounds that modulate the activity of voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels, as well as the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.

Results: Our data revealed that P. nigriventer venom is highly complex compared to other neurotoxin-rich venoms and contains potent modulators of voltage-gated ion channels which were classified into four families of neuroactive peptides based on their activity and structures. In addition to the reported P. nigriventer neuroactive peptides, we identified at least 27 novel cysteine-rich venom peptides for which their activity and molecular target remains to be determined.

Discussion: Our findings provide a platform for studying the bioactivity of known and novel neuroactive components in the venom of P. nigriventer and other spiders and suggest that our discovery pipeline can be used to identify ion channel-targeting venom peptides with potential as pharmacological tools and to drug leads.

Introduction

Venomous animals are a highly adapted group of organisms whose evolutionary success excelled with the emergence of venom. Spider venoms, in particular, are rich in peptide knottins specialized in modulating, often with high potency and selectivity, voltage-gated ion channels that regulate the physiology of neuronal, muscular and cardiac systems ( Cardoso and Lewis, 2018 ; Cardoso, 2020 ). Although such effects can be deleterious to envenomated animals, venom components can be tailored to selectively modulate ion channels in pathways of complex diseases such as chronic pain, motor neuron disease, and epilepsy. This has been demonstrated for numerous spider venoms ( Smith et al., 2015 ; Cardoso and Lewis, 2018 , 2019 ), including the venom of the infamous South American ctenid spider Phoneutria nigriventer , often referred as Brazilian wandering spider, banana spider or “armed” spider ( Peigneur et al., 2018 ). Besides its clinical relevance due to frequent envenomation cases in Brazil, with approximately 4,000 cases per year ( Isbister and Fan, 2011 ; Gewehr et al., 2013 ), P. nigriventer venom contains peptides that have therapeutic effects in a range of disease models including chronic pain ( Pedron et al., 2021 ; Cavalli et al., 2022 ), Huntington’s disease ( Joviano-Santos et al., 2022 ), glaucoma ( da Silva et al., 2020 ) and erectile dysfunction ( Nunes da Silva et al., 2019 ).

Initial studies of P. nigriventer venom employed fractionation via gel filtration and reversed-phase chromatography to separate the venom into five distinct groups of peptides based on their molecular weight and hydrophobicity properties; these groups were named PhTx1 to PhTx5 ( Peigneur et al., 2018 ). PhTx1–4 comprise cysteine-rich peptides that are active on voltage-gated calcium (Ca V ), sodium (Na V ) and potassium (K V ) channels, while PhTx5 is comprised of short linear peptides, with a total of 34 peptides identified ( Peigneur et al., 2018 ). Proteotranscriptomic studies of P. nigriventer venom revealed additional peptides with high similarity to those previously described, but very few have been characterised pharmacologically ( Cardoso et al., 2003 ; Richardson et al., 2006 ). This represents an obstacle to the exploration of the therapeutic potential of P. nigriventer venom.

Advances in venom-peptide research have yielded high-throughput cellular screens for the discovery and pharmacological characterisation of naturally occurring molecules with activity at ion channels and receptors in physiological pathways ( Cardoso et al., 2015 ; Cardoso et al., 2021 ). These methods require only a small amount of venom compared to more traditional methods and allow the identification of therapeutically relevant peptides in the early stages of the screening. Besides drug development applications, these same bioassays can assist in unravelling the bioactivity of crude and fractionated venoms from biomedically relevant venomous animals to support studies of evolution and antivenom development, but much work remains to be done in this field.

This study aimed to provide a proof-of-concept in applying high-throughput cellular screens for multiple neuronal ion channels along with proteomic studies of fractionated venom to rapidly characterise spider venoms in terms of bioactive components. It was anticipated that such a pipeline would support envenomation and evolutionary studies and the development of therapeutics from animal venoms. The venom of P. nigriventer was selected as a model system due to its medical relevance, the considerable number of therapeutically relevant peptides already uncovered in the venom, and the wide knowledge base available. Our approach enabled identification of potent modulators of voltage-gated ion channels which were classified into four families of neuroactive peptides based on their activity and structures. In addition to the previously characterised neuroactive peptides in the P. nigriventer venom, we identified 27 additional cysteine-rich venom peptides in which neuroactivities are underexplored. This work contributes to the on-going discovery and structure-function characterisation of spider-venom peptides. Moreover, our bioassay pipeline can be used to guide future research into the discovery of venom peptides that modulate the activity of ion channels, and their development as pharmacological tools and drug leads.

Materials and methods

We applied a holistic approach combining methods in high throughput screens for ion channels, venom proteome, venom gland transcriptome and modelling of peptides as described in Figure 1 .

Flowchart of the venom peptide discovery pipeline applied in this study. Expanding from the traditional assay-guided fractionation, we applied HTS bioassays to characterize the pharmacology of venom peptides on multiple ion channels, followed by the identification of peptide masses and primary sequences using proteome and transcriptome. Ultimately, the three-dimensional structure of venom peptides was determined using in silico molecular modelling.

Cell culture

The human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y was maintained at 37 ° C in a humidified 5% CO 2 incubator in Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) medium supplemented with 15% foetal bovine serum (FBS) and 2 mM L-glutamine. Replicating cells were sub-cultured every 3–4 days in a 1:5 ratio using 0.25% trypsin/EDTA.

Venom fractionation

Crude venom milked from male and female specimens of P. nigriventer was kindly provided by Prof. Marcus Vinicius Gomez from the Institute of Teaching and Research of Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Venom (lyophilised, 1 mg) was dissolved in 100 μL Milli-Q water containing 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) (Auspep, VIC, AU) and 5% acetonitrile (ACN) and centrifuged at 5,000 × g for 10 min to remove particulates. Venom was fractionated by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) using a C18 column (Vydac 4.6 mm × 250 mm, 5 μm, Grace Discovery Sciences, United States) with a gradient of solvent B (90% ACN in 0.045% TFA) in solvent A (0.05% TFA). The gradient was 5% B for 5 min, followed by 20%–40% solvent B over 60 min at a flow rate 0.7 mL min −1 . Peaks were collected every minute, with fraction 1 eluted between 1 and 2 min and so on for the other fractions. Venom fractions were lyophilised before storage at –20°C.

Calcium influx assays

Venom fractions were screened for neuroactivity at human (h) Na V , Ca V 1, Ca V 2 and the α7 subtype of the human nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR-α7) as previously described ( Cardoso et al., 2015 ). Briefly, SH-SY5Y cells were plated at 40,000 cells per well in 384-well flat clear-bottom black plates (Corning, NY, United States) and cultured at 37 ° C in a humidified 5% CO 2 incubator for 48 h. Cells were loaded with 20 μL per well Calcium 4 dye (Molecular Devices) reconstituted in assay buffer containing (in mM) 140 NaCl, 11.5 glucose, 5.9 KCl, 1.4 MgCl 2 , 1.2 NaH 2 PO 4 , 5 NaHCO 3 , 1.8 CaCl 2 and 10 HEPES pH 7.4 and incubated for 30 min at 37 ° C in a humidified 5% CO 2 incubator. For the hCa V 1 assay, the dye was supplemented with 1 μM ω-conotoxin-CVIF (CVIF) to inhibit Ca V 2, and in the hCav2 assay the dye was supplemented with 10 μM nifedipine to inhibit Ca V 1. For the nAChR-α7 assay, the dye was supplemented with PNU-120596 (Sigma-Aldrich), a positive allosteric modulator of nAChR-α7. Venom fractions were assayed in singleton for each ion channel tested. Fluorescence responses were recorded using excitation at 470–495 nm and emission at 515–575 nm for 10 s to set the baseline, then 300 s after addition of 10% venom fraction serial diluted at 1, 1:10, and 1:100, and for a further 300 s after addition of 50 μM veratridine for hNa V , 90 mM KCl and 5 mM CaCl 2 for hCa V, and 30 μM choline for nAChR-α7.

Venom fractions eluting between 10 and 45 min on RP-HPLC were analysed by mass spectrometry to investigate the masses and primary structures of their peptide components. Native mass determinations were carried out with 20% of each fraction dried by vacuum centrifuge and resuspended in 20 μL 1% formic acid (FA), followed by analysis using by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). For identification of primary structures, 20% of each peptide fraction was reduced and alkylated by adding 40 μL of reagent composed of 4.875 mL ACN, 4.5 mL ultrapure water, 0.5 mL 1M ammonium carbonate pH 11.0, 100 μL 2-iodoethanol and 25 μL triethylphosphine, and incubating for 1 h at 37°C. Samples were speed dried in a vacuum centrifuge, and digested with 40 ng/μL trypsin in 50 mM ammonium bicarbonate pH 8.0 and 10% ACN overnight at room temperature. Trypsin was inactivated by adding 50 μL solution containing 50% acetonitrile and 5% formic acid (FA), dried in speed vacuum centrifuge, and resuspended in 1% formic acid.

LC-MS/MS samples were loaded onto a 150 mm × 0.1 mm Zorbax 300SB-C18 column (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, United States) on a Shimadzu Nano LC system with the outflow coupled to a SCIEX 5600 Triple TOF (Framingham, MA, United States) mass spectrometer equipped with a Turbo V ion source. Peptides were eluted using a 30 min gradient of 1%–40% solvent B (90% ACN/0.1% FA) in solvent A (0.1% FA) at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. For MS1 scans, m/z was set between 350 and 2,200. Precursor ions with m/z 350–1,500, charge of +2 to +5, and signals with >100 counts/s (excluding isotopes within 2 Da) were selected for fragmentation, and MS2 scans were collected over a range of 80–1,500 m /z . Scans were obtained with an accumulation time of 250 ms and a cycle of 4 s.

A database of possible peptide sequences produced in P. nigriventer venom glands was compiled using a published venom-gland transcriptome ( Diniz et al., 2018 ), from which open reading frames (ORFs) longer than 30 amino acids were identified and translated by TransDecoder. A list of 200 common MS contaminants was added to the translated ORFs, which was used as a sequence database to compare to mass spectral data using the Paragon algorithm in Protein Pilot 2.2 software (AB SCIEX). We report only peptides for which more than two tryptic fragments were detected with >95% confidence, or where one tryptic fragment was detected, and a secretion signal peptide was predicted by SignalP5.0.

Molecular modelling

Venom peptides identified in this study were selected based on their cysteine-rich scaffold and bioactivity, and their three-dimensional (3D) structure were predicted using the AlphaFold 2 algorithm ( Jumper et al., 2021 ). All 3D structures displayed were from unrelaxed models ranked 1 for each peptide prediction. 3D structures were visualised and analysed using PyMol ( Pymol, 2023 ).

Data analysis

Fluorescence traces from singletons were evaluated using the Maximum-Minimum or Area Under the Curve values generated after addition of ion channel activator. Data were normalised against the negative control (PSS buffer control) and positive control (ion channel activator) for each assay and corrected using the response over baseline from 1 to 5 s. No statistical analyses were required in this study.

Screening of P. nigriventer venom fractions

Fractionation of 1 mg of P. nigriventer ( Figure 2A ) crude venom using RP-HPLC produced numerous peaks eluting between 20% and 40% solvent B, and fractions eluting between 11 and 45 min were selected for pharmacological analysis ( Figure 2B ). Screening using the SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line revealed strong modulation of voltage-gated ion channels including both inhibition or enhancement of ion channel activity ( Figure 2C ). Venom fractions eluting between 18 and 34 min showed strong inhibition of Ca V and Na V activity, while fractions eluting between 41 and 45 min strongly activated Ca V 2 channels ( Figure 2C , top panel). At a dilution of 1:10, these inhibitory effects persisted for both Na V and Ca V 2 channels for fractions eluting at 19–20 min and 26–34 min and was absent for Ca V 1 channels ( Figure 2C , middle panel). Fractions eluting from 21 to 25 min showed a clear preference for inhibiting only Ca V 2 channels ( Figure 2C ). Interestingly, at 1:10 dilution, channel activity enhancement was stronger on Na V channels compared to Ca V 2 channels, suggesting potential concentration-dependent synergistic effects of venom peptides modulating both Na V and Ca V 2 channels. At the highest venom dilution of 1:100, persistent inhibition of Na V channel was observed for fraction 20 (F20), while the remaining inhibitory fractions preferentially inhibited only Ca V 2 channels ( Figure 2C , bottom panel). Channel enhancement persisted for Na V channels in fractions eluting from 41 to 45 min. No potent activity was observed against nAChR-α7 at any venom concentration tested. Overall, inhibitory activity was primarily observed for fractions eluting at shorter retention times (i.e., more hydrophilic compounds), while strong ion channel activation was induced by more hydrophobic peptides with longer RP-HPLC retention times.

Fractionation and activity of P. nigriventer venom. (A) P. nigriventer specimen displaying threat posture (photo copyright Alan Henderson, www.minibeastwildlife.com.au ). (B) RP-HPLC fractionation of 1 mg P. nigriventer venom. (C) Ion channel responses calculated from the area under the curve (AUC) after addition of selective activators for fractions 10 to 45, normalized to responses in the absence of venom fractions. (D, E) Representative fluorescence traces of the intracellular calcium responses of SH-SY5Y cells evoked by KCl + CaCl 2 in the presence of venom fractions 26 and 34 for Ca V 1, fractions 19, 26 and 34 for Ca V 2, and fractions 41–45 for both Ca V 1 and Ca V 2 channels. (F) Representative fluorescence traces of the intracellular calcium responses of SH-SY5Y cells evoked by veratridine and in the presence of venom fractions 19, 26 and 34 and fractions 41–45. (G) Representative fluorescence traces of the intracellular calcium responses of SH-SY5Y cells evoked by choline and in the presence of venom fractions 16 and 40 and fractions 41–45. Grey dotted line indicates the KCl + CaCl 2 , veratridine or choline addition.

Fluorescent traces measured upon addition of venom fractions revealed an increase in intracellular calcium ([Ca 2+ ] i ), suggesting that these venom peptides can activate closed channels as well as enhance the responses of these channels opened using pharmacological intervention ( Figures 2D–G ). This was observed for Ca V responses in the presence of 1 μM CVIF (Ca V 2 inhibitor, Figure 2D ) and 10 μM nifedipine (Ca V 1 inhibitor, Figure 2E ). In the absence of Ca V inhibitors, these [Ca 2+ ] i responses resemble the levels of Ca V 1 responses in Figure 2D as observed for F40–F45 applied in the Na V channels assay ( Figure 2F ). The activities of inhibitory fractions were mostly free from initial [Ca 2+ ] i responses upon venom addition, except for weak inhibitors observed in F19 for Na V and F40 for nAChR-α7 ( Figures 2F, G ).

Identification of peptides in P. nigriventer venom fractions

The venom of P. nigriventer has been extensively characterised in terms of composition and bioactivity ( Diniz et al., 2018 ; Peigneur et al., 2018 ), including neuronal ion channel activity and proteomics, but not by using a combined approach. In this study, by combining these approaches, we were able to rapidly identify 58 peptides and proteins in the venom. Due to the complexity of previous nomenclature for P. nigriventer venom peptides, we refer to them here using both the rational nomenclature developed for spider toxins ( King et al., 2008 ) and an identifying number (e.g., PN367) that is linked to a sequence and a list of previously used names in Supplementary Table S1 . Of the 58 identified amino acid sequences, only eight (15%) are peptides that have had their bioactivity reported in previous studies ( Figure 3A , Supplementary Table S1 ) ( Peigneur et al., 2018 ). These included the known neuroactive components μ-CNTX-Pn1a (Tx1) ( Diniz et al., 2006 ; Martin-Moutot et al., 2006 ), κ-CNTX-Pn1a (Tx3-1, PhK V ) ( Kushmerick et al., 1999 ; Almeida et al., 2011 ), ω-CNTX-Pn1a (Tx3-2) ( Cordeiro Mdo et al., 1993 ), Γ-CNTX-Pn1a [Tx4(5-5)] ( Paiva et al., 2016 ), δ-CNTX-Pn1a [Tx4(6-1)] ( de Lima et al., 2002 ; Emerich et al., 2016 ), δ-CNTX-Pn2c (Tx2-5a) ( Yonamine et al., 2004 ), ω-CNTX-Pn4a (Tx3-6) ( Cardoso et al., 2003 ; Vieira et al., 2005 ) and ω-CNTX Pn3a (Tx3-4) ( Dos Santos et al., 2002 ) ( Figure 3B ). Even among these eight peptides, only a few venom peptides have had their molecular pharmacology characterized in detail ( Peigneur et al., 2018 ), or their activities confirmed using recombinant peptides ( Diniz et al., 2006 ; Paiva et al., 2016 ; Garcia Mendes et al., 2021 ).

Estimated levels of peptide/protein venom components identified in fractions F17 to F45, and their respective bioactivity at Na V and Ca V channels and the nAChR-α7. (A) Proportion of known and unknown venom peptides and other venom components detected in this study. (B) Venom peptides with previously reported bioactivity detected in fractions by mass spectrometry and compared to fraction bioactivity at Na V and Ca V channels and the nAChR-α7. (C) Venom peptides detected in fractions classified according to their cysteine framework I to IX ( Diniz et al., 2018 ), and compared to fraction bioactivity at Na V and Ca V channels and the nAChR-α7.

Most of the identified sequences in this study (74%) represent peptides with unexplored bioactivity; 38 (65%) of the 43 peptides identified have cysteine-rich scaffolds typical of spider-venom peptides ( Figure 3C ). Some of these venom peptides, such as PN367 and PN363, have a type I scaffold ( Diniz et al., 2018 ) and are predicted by Alphafold 2 to fold into cystine-knot scaffolds typical of spider-venom peptides ( King and Hardy, 2013 ) ( Figure 4 ). Scaffolds II-VIII either form elaborated cystine-knot folds with extra disulphide bonds, or alternative structures such as for scaffolds III and IV ( Figure 4 ). Novel peptides with high identity with other toxins and not previously described in P. nigriventer venom included: PN367 displaying identity with a Agelena orientalis venom peptide; PN369 displaying identity with a Lycosa singoriensis venom peptide, and PN365 displaying scaffold III and identity with another Lycosa singoriensis venom peptide ( Supplementary Table S1 ). Additional disulphide-rich scaffolds present in P. nigriventer venom include three peptides predicted by the algorithm HMMER to form a thyroglobulin type 1 repeat domain (E < e −17 in each case), one of which has been previously reported as U24-CNTX-Pn1a; peptide PN370 which displays high identity with a peptide found in venom of the scorpion Scorpiops jendeki and is predicted by the algorithm HMMER to form into a trypsin-inhibitor-like cysteine-rich domain (E < 2e −13 ); and the peptide PN376 that is predicted by HMMER to form a fungal protease inhibitor domain (E < e −6 ) ( Supplementary Table S1 ). Additional new scaffolds identified in this study were named following the previous suggested nomenclature ( Diniz et al., 2018 ) as X (CXCC motif, 12 Cys residues: −C−C−C−C−CXCC−C−C−C−C−C−), XI (12 Cys residues: −C−C−C−CXC−CXC−C−CXC−C−C−), XII (11 Cys residues: −C−C−CXC−CXC−C−C−CXC−C) and XIII (10 Cys residues: −C−C−C−C−C−C−CXC−C−C−), and include the peptides PN376, PN372, PN373 and PN375, and PN370, respectively.

Diversity and estimated levels of cysteine-rich scaffolds identified in highly neuroactive RP-HPLC fractions from the venom of P. nigriventer , and their predicted 3D structures. (A) Fractions 18–20 comprised high levels of scaffolds I, II and VIII represented by the 3D structures of PN367, PN105 and PN267, respectively. (B) Fractions 26 and 27 comprised high levels of scaffolds II, and IV, and an undefined scaffold represented by the 3D structures of PN321, PN350 and PN372, respectively. (C) Fraction 34 comprised high levels of scaffolds I, II, and V represented by the 3D structures of PN003, PN292 and PN028, respectively. (D) Fractions 41 and 42 comprised high levels of scaffolds IV and V represented by the 3D structures of PN381, and PN077 and PN031, respectively.

Only 9% of the identified sequences were peptides with two or fewer Cys residues ( Supplementary Table S1 ). F17 contained a peptide (PN361) matching a C-terminally amidated peptide precursor from Araneus ventricosus identified in a genomic study ( Kono et al., 2019 ). This precursor has 70% sequence identify with the prohormone-1 like precursor from the honeybee Apis mellifera (UniProt {"type":"entrez-protein","attrs":{"text":"P85798","term_id":"190360036","term_text":"P85798"}} P85798 ) which is believed to be cleaved to form three short peptides with neuronal activity. Another short peptide, PN366 identified in F18 and F28–F30, matches a neuropeptide in the sea slug Aplysia californica (UniProt {"type":"entrez-protein","attrs":{"text":"P06518","term_id":"113518","term_text":"P06518"}} P06518 ). Larger proteins were also detected in some fractions; for example, F18 and F31 contained a fragment at 58% and 70% total fraction components, respectively, matching a zinc metalloprotease from the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (UniProt 55112) which contains a peptidase family M12A domain.

Diversity of neuroactive peptides in P. nigriventer venom

The cysteine-rich scaffolds of venom peptides identified in this study were compared to the classification previously proposed for P. nigriventer venom peptides ( Diniz et al., 2018 ) ( Figures 3C , ​ ,4). 4 ). Peptides in fractions displaying inhibitory properties corresponded to scaffolds I, II, IV, V and VIII, as well as unnamed scaffolds, while peptides in fractions with activation properties comprised mostly the scaffold V. All of these scaffolds are inhibitor cystine knot motifs, except for scaffold IV which had the highest level in F26 represented by the peptide PN350.

Neuroactive peptides with greater hydrophilicity (i.e., those with short RP-HPLC retention times) showed pharmacological properties reminiscent of known spider-derived μ-toxins (F17 and F18) and ω-toxins (i.e., inhibition of Ca V 1 and Ca V 2 channels by F19 and F20) ( Figures 2C , ​ ,5A). 5A ). Major components driving those bioactivities were the pharmacologically characterised peptides μ-CNTX-Pn1a, ω-CNTX-Pn1a and ω-CNTX-Pn3a, as well as additional peptides with unknown activity ( Figure 4A ). As the hydrophilicity of the peptides decrease (i.e., peptides with long RP-HPLC retention times), persistent Ca V 2 inhibition was observed with maximum inhibitory activity in F26 and F27, and with the additional peptide ω-CNTX-Pn4a detected in F24 ( Figures 2C , ​ ,3B, 3B , ​ ,5B). 5B ). Interestingly, venom peptides characterized as K V modulators, such as κ-CNTX-Pn1a, were detected in fractions displaying strong inhibition of calcium influx with potential μ- and ω-pharmacology (fractions 26 and 27); it was not clear if the observed bioactivity was associated to the modulation of K V channels, or to other unexplored peptides in these fractions.

Venom peptide content of highly neuroactive RP-HPLC fractions from the venom of P. nigriventer . (A) Identification of the cysteine-rich peptides and proteins in fractions 17–20 displaying potent inhibition of neuronal Na V and Ca V 2 channels. Positively and negatively charged residues are coloured blue and orange, respectively, hydrophobic residues are green, and cysteines are highlighted in grey box. (B) Identification of the peptide and protein content of the fractions 16 and 27 displaying potent inhibition of neuronal Na V , Ca V 1 and Ca V 2 channels. (C) Identification of the peptide and protein content of the fraction 34 displaying potent inhibition of neuronal Na V , Ca V 1 and Ca V 2 channels. (D) Identification of the peptide and protein content of the fraction 34 displaying potent activation of neuronal Na V and Ca V 2 channels. Sequences labelled with a red asterisk (*) at the C-terminal are likely C-terminally amidated.

Neuroactive peptides presenting more hydrophobic structures showed properties of μ and ω-peptides, but with preference for Ca V 2 channels as observed for fraction 34 in which the peptide Γ-Pn1a is the major component, consistent with its previously observed modulation of multiple cation channels ( Paiva et al., 2016 ); and of δ-peptides as observed in fractions 41 to 45, in which major components included the peptides δ-Pn1a and δ-Pn2c ( Figures 2C–F , and Figures 5C, D ). Notably, the main components of some of the most neuroactive fractions are peptides with unexplored bioactivity, e.g., fraction 26 ( Figures 2C , ​ ,4, 4 , ​ ,5 5 ).

Pharmacological groups

Our approach allowed classification of P. nigriventer venom peptides into four major groups based on their bioactivity ( Figure 6 ; Table 1 ). Group 1 is comprised of μ and ω peptides with scaffold type VIII and more hydrophilic properties as they eluted between F17 and F21. As representatives from this group, μ-CNTX-Pn1a and ω-CNTX-Pn3a have a potential “KR electrostatic trap”, a pharmacophore described in spider-venom peptides that modulate ion channels ( Hu et al., 2021 ; Wisedchaisri et al., 2021 ), in their primary and tertiary structures ( Figure 6A ). This pharmacophore is likely composed of residues R61, K67, K70, K71, R74 and R75 in μ-CNTX-Pn1a and residues K54, K56, R59, K65, K70, R71, K73 and K74 in ω-CNTX-Pn3a. Within this group, the ω-CNTX-Pn3a homologue PN319 differs at three positions, making it an interesting candidate for further characterisation.

Pharmacological groups identified in the most active venom fractions highlighting the “KR electrostatic trap” pharmacophore common to spider toxins that modulate the activity of ion channels. (A) Group 1 is represented by μ- and ω-spider-venom peptides with large and complex type VIII scaffold. (B) Group 2 is represented by κ- and ω-spider-venom peptides with type II and VII scaffolds. (C) Group 3 is represented by γ-spider-venom peptides with type V scaffold. (D) Group 4 is represented by δ-spider-venom peptides displaying a type V scaffold. K and R residues located in the C-terminal region of these peptides and grouped on a positively charged face are highlighted in red in the sequences and in red tubes in the corresponding 3D structures. Arrows shows the cysteine-bridge connection forming the cyclic peptide structures predicted for PN028 and PN031.

Pharmacological groups identified in this study with respective pharmacological types, cysteine-rich scaffold types, and representative venom peptides described in the literature. Unexplored peptides within each group are described in Figure 5 and/or Supplementary Table S1 .

Group 2 comprises κ and ω peptides that eluted between F17 and F28, with scaffold types II and VII ( Figure 6B ). As representatives from this group, peptides κ-CNTX-Pn1a, ω-CNTX-Pn1a and ω-CNTX-Pn4a also contain a “KR trap” pharmacophore comprised of residues R20, K23, K34, K35 and K36 for ω-Pn1a; R21, K24, K35 and K36 for κ-Pn1a; and K42, R47, K48, K49, K51, K53 and K54 for ω-Pn4a. In this group, PN107 differs from κ-CNTX-Pn1a by only two residues and is an interesting peptide for further exploration.

Group 3 is comprised of more hydrophobic Γ peptides that eluted in F33–F36 and possess a type V scaffold ( Figures 3C–D , ​ ,6C). 6C ). It is represented by Γ-CNTX-Pn1a with a potential “KR trap” comprising residues K35, R41, K42 and K43. Although Γ peptides modulate N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors, Γ-CNTX-Pn1a has also been reported as a β-peptide that inhibits Na V channels ( Paiva et al., 2016 ), which agrees with the results from our high-throughput ion channels assays ( Figures 2C–F , ​ ,3). 3 ). Interestingly, Γ-CNTX-Pn1a predicted 3D structure formed a cyclic structure in which the N-terminal cysteine formed a disulfide bridge with C-terminal cysteine ( Figures 4C , ​ ,6C). 6C ). These same fractions contain other ICK peptides including PN003 and PN292 with scaffold types I and II, respectively; their pharmacological targets have not been explored but they likely contribute to the strong inhibition of Ca V channels by F34 ( Figures 2 , ​ ,3, 3 , ​ ,4 4 ).

Group 4 is composed of very hydrophobic δ peptides that elute in F40–F45 and possess a type V scaffold ( Figure 2B , ​ ,6D). 6D ). It is represented by δ-CNTX-Pn1a with potential “KR trap” comprising residues K43, K44, and K45 ( Figure 6D ). In this group we also identified δ-CNTX-Pn2c which differs not only in primary structure but also in the scaffold V tertiary structure by presenting a non-cyclic structure compared to the cyclic structure predicted for δ-CNTX-Pn1a connected by the N- and C-terminal cysteines ( Figures 4D , ​ ,6D). 6D ). Beyond these known peptides, this group comprised interesting unexplored peptides such as PN032 and PN023 showing δ peptide domains and differing from Γ-CNTX-Pn1a by 12 and 11 residues, respectively.

Spiders are one of the most speciose venomous taxa, with >50,000 characterised species (see World Spider Catalog, https://wsc.nmbe.ch/statistics/ ). Their venoms are rich in neuroactive peptides that target a wide range of neuronal ion channels and receptors using mechanisms distinct from those of neurotoxins from other venomous animals such as cone snails and scorpions. The exploration of venom peptides targeting ion channels and receptors provides novel opportunities for the development of pharmacological tools to understand disease mechanisms ( Cardoso and Lewis, 2018 ; Cardoso, 2020 ) as well as provision of leads for development of therapeutics ( King, 2011 ) and bioinsecticides ( Smith et al., 2013 ).

Spiders are classified in two major groups, or infraorders ( King, 2004 ): Mygalomorphae, or so-called “primitive spiders”, includes the family Theraphosidae, or tarantulas, which are the most well studied spider venoms due to the large-size and long lifespan (often >20 years) of these spiders. Araneomorphae, or “modern spiders,” comprise >90% of all extant spider species, including the family Ctenidae in which P. nigriventer resides. Notably, despite their much greater species diversity, araneomorph venoms are underexplored compared to mygalomorphs due to their smaller size and shorter lifespan (typically 1–2 years). Our data, and those of others ( Binford et al., 2009 ; Zhang et al., 2010 ; Diniz et al., 2018 ; Peigneur et al., 2018 ), showed a great diversity of both pharmacological actions and cysteine scaffolds in araneomorph venom, which may have facilitated the highly successful araneomorph radiation. Our data also suggests Araneomorphae’s venoms may be a rich source of unique venom peptides with more diverse structures and pharmacological functions and additional biotechnological and therapeutic applications to Mygalomorphae’s venoms.

The venom from P. nigriventer comprises many exceptional peptides drug leads under development for treating a range of complex neuro disorders ( Peigneur et al., 2018 ). These peptides have been evaluated in pre-clinical models and demonstrated interesting therapeutic efficacy in reverting or preventing conditions for which treatments are limited or unavailable. For example, ω-Pn2a and ω-Pn4a showed efficacy in treating painful neuropathies such as fibromyalgia and chronic post-ischemia pain, respectively ( Pedron et al., 2021 ; Cavalli et al., 2022 ), ω-Pn4a also improved motor movement and neuroprotection in Huntington’s disease ( Joviano-Santos et al., 2022 ). The engineered peptide PnPP-19 derived from the venom peptide δ-Pn2a was efficacious in treating glaucoma ( da Silva et al., 2020 ) and erectile dysfunction ( Nunes da Silva et al., 2019 ). In our study, these therapeutic peptides showed bioactivity at neuronal Na V and Ca V channels, which greatly supports our investigative platform for the discovery of venom peptides useful for the development of efficacious drugs.

Investigative pipelines in venomic studies often focus on the elucidation of venom components based on their structures but lack clear strategies to investigate venom bioactivities ( von Reumont et al., 2022 ). Investigations using fractionated venom ( Cardoso et al., 2015 ; Cardoso et al., 2017 ; Estrada-Gomez et al., 2019 ; Cardoso et al., 2021 ) provides more defined biological functions than using crude venom due to the immense pharmacological diversity of venom, which often contains venom components with opposing activity as well as components that act synergistically ( Raposo et al., 2016 ). Considering the large number of extant spiders and consequently the exceptionally large number of venom components available for investigation, high-throughput (HT) functional bioassays are essential for developing a holistic understanding of venom pharmacology, and they provide a complement to venomic studies.

A recent study by us using HT bioassays to investigate the ion channel targets of Australian funnel-web spider venoms recaptured current taxonomy and revealed potential drug targets to treat severely envenomated patients ( Cardoso et al., 2022 ). In this present study, we also demonstrated the feasibility of applying HT functional bioassays to investigate spider venom components that mediated the activity of voltage-gated ion channels. We were able to capture all known venom components and associated bioactivities using a HT functional assay as well as several new unexplored venom peptides that warrant further exploration. This was achievable only by combining HT bioassays with transcriptomic and proteomic approaches. Although this pipeline provides a robust holistic overview of spider venoms, bioactive components are present in varying concentrations in each fraction, which may affect bioactivity through synergistic effects, and overlook the activity of less abundant components.

The complexity of the cysteine-rich scaffolds in P. nigriventer venom peptides unraveled in this study suggests that further exploration utilising recombinant or synthetic peptides might be challenging but essential, and these could also benefit from modern strategies utilizing HT recombinant expression or chemical synthesis ( Pipkorn et al., 2002 ; Turchetto et al., 2017 ). In tandem with automated whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiological studies, this will build a pipeline to further investigate known and new peptides in the venom of P. nigriventer and allow selection of candidates with biotechnological potential. The putative “KR trap” pharmacophores identified in those venom peptides warrants further exploration of the structure-function relationships of the diverse pharmacological groups found in the venom of P. nigriventer.

In conclusion, we demonstrated that the introduction of HT functional bioassays in venomic studies is essential to provide a more complete understanding of venom components in terms of structure and function. It also allows venom peptides to be ranked for further investigation based on their bioactivity and structural diversity, which is not possible via transcriptomic and proteomic studies alone. Furthermore, this study provides a guide to assist the exploration of neuroactive venoms from other animals, in particularly for the underexplored araneomorph spiders.

Acknowledgments

We thank Mr. Alun Jones and Dr. Kuok Yap (Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland) for assistance with mass spectrometry experiments.

Funding Statement

This work was supported by The University of Queensland, the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (Ideas Grant GNT1188959 to FC; Principal Research Fellowship APP1136889 to GK), and the Australian Research Council (Discovery Grant DP200102867 to AW; Centre of Excellence Grant CE200100012 to GK).

Data availability statement

Author contributions.

Conceptualization: FC; design, conduct, and analysis of experiments: FC and AW; MG contributed with the P. nigriventer crude venom. drafting of manuscript: FC. All authors contributed to reviewing and editing of the manuscript and approved the final version for submission.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Publisher’s note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

Supplementary material

The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmolb.2023.1069764/full#supplementary-material

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Medical Information

First Aid for Brazilian Wandering Spider Bite

What is a brazilian wandering spider bite.

Brazilian wandering spiders, also known as banana spiders, are one of the most venomous spiders in the world. They are found primarily in South and Central America and are known for their aggressive behavior and wandering tendencies.

Identification:

• Brazilian wandering spiders have a brown body with distinctive yellow markings on their legs
• They have long and slender legs that are covered in spines
• They have a small body, but their legs can span up to 6 inches (15 centimeters)
• They have two large fangs that are often visible when they open their mouth

What are the Causes of Brazilian Wandering Spider Bite?

Brazilian wandering spiders are venomous and are capable of causing serious envenomation when they bite.

• The venom of the spider contains a neurotoxin that attacks the nervous system, causing muscle spasms, breathing difficulties, and other severe symptoms
• The venom can also cause an excessive release of serotonin, leading to increased heart rate, sweating, and elevated blood pressure

What are the Signs and Symptoms of Brazilian Wandering Spider Bite?

The following signs and symptoms of Brazilian Wandering Spider Bite may be noted:

• Severe pain at the site of the bite that may radiate to other parts of the body
• Sweating and tingling sensations in the mouth and tongue
• Muscular twitching, spasms, and cramps
• Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath
• Nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain
• Increased heart rate and high blood pressure
• Unconsciousness and convulsions

How is First Aid administered for Brazilian Wandering Spider Bite ?

Immediate actions:

• Clean the bite site with soap and water
• Put a wet, cold cloth, or an ice pack on the bite site
• Seek urgent medical attention, and bring the spider with you to help with identification, when possible

First aid administration:

• The First Aid for Brazilian Wandering Spider Bites includes cleaning the bite area and seeking medical attention

Who Should Administer First Aid for Brazilian Wandering Spider Bite?

• First aid for Brazilian Wandering Spider Bites should be administered by someone who is trained in providing first aid, such as a medical professional, a paramedic, or a trained first-aider
• If there is no one available with appropriate training, attempt to apply the pressure immobilization bandage and seek urgent medical attention

What is the Prognosis of Brazilian Wandering Spider Bite?

The prognosis for Brazilian Wandering Spider Bites depends on the severity of the symptoms and the timing of the treatment.

• If prompt medical attention is given, most patients can recover fully without any long-term effects
• However, delayed or inadequate treatment can lead to serious complications and even death

Long-term effects:

• There are generally no long-term effects of Brazilian Wandering Spider Bites if prompt medical attention is given
• However, in rare cases, patients may develop allergic reactions or experience chronic pain, muscle weakness, or other symptoms that persist long after the bite

How can Brazilian Wandering Spider Bite be Prevented?

A few helpful tips to prevent Brazilian Wandering Spider Bites include:

• Wear shoes and gloves when working in the garden or bush
• Check bedding and clothing before use, especially when stored in dark and cool areas
• Keep the house and garden free from clutter, including piles of rocks, leaves, and wood
• Install screens on doors and windows to prevent spiders from entering the house
• Use insecticides and spider repellents

What are certain Crucial Steps to be followed?

• If you live in areas where Brazilian wandering spiders are prevalent, it is essential to take necessary precautions to prevent being bitten.
• Learn how to identify Brazilian wandering spiders and their habitats to avoid them.
• If you suspect that you have been bitten by a Brazilian wandering spider, follow the immediate actions and first aid administration guidelines outlined above.
• Seek urgent medical attention, and bring the spider with you to help with identification.
• Do not attempt to catch or handle the spider, as this can increase the risk of being bitten.

In conclusion, Brazilian wandering spiders are a potentially deadly species of spider found in South and Central America. If you suspect that you have been bitten by a Brazilian wandering spider, it is crucial to seek urgent medical attention as soon as possible. Prevention is key to avoid being bitten, so take necessary precautions to keep yourself and your family safe from these dangerous spiders.

Hashtags: #BananaSpider #FirstAid #SouthAmericanWildlife #SpiderBites #SafetyTips

On the Article

Krish Tangella MD, MBA

Robert Ben Johnston, MD

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20 Largest Spiders in the World, Ranked

S piders are great. They keep mosquitos at bay. They're an important part of the food chain. We love them, as long as they stay far, far away from us. The second we walk into a web, all bets are off. We will punch ourselves in the face without a second thought, and that's with an average-sized spider.

If one of the biggest spiders in the world decided to camp out on our leg, we might just have to amputate it (#noregrets). But these giant spiders make us appreciate two things: the fact that we don't live in Australia and that the daddy longlegs in the corner could be much, much worse.

So, which spiders are the absolute largest across the globe? We ranked 20 spiders that have the biggest leg spans, from smallest to largest.

20. Mexican Redknee Tarantula

Maximum leg span: 3 inches

A smaller tarantula, the Mexican redknee is named after its signature reddish brown spots on each of its eight knees. Interestingly, females live about six times as long as males. Males usually die by the age of 5 or 6, while females can live up to 30.

Mexican redknees are a part of the New World category of tarantula, which have large fangs that can cause a painful bite, but biting is a last resort for these creepy crawlers. Instead, they kick urticating hairs from their back legs and abdomens at potential threats. They cause itching and discomfort but no serious side effects. 

19. Daddy Longlegs

Maximum leg span: 3.5 inches

The humble daddy longlegs spider isn't that scary to look at compared to some of the seriously huge spiders out there. They're all leg, and their limbs are so slender that daddy longlegs spiders don't appear as large as they really are. They have tiny, fragile bodies, but their legs are often 2 inches long or more.

In Laos, a rare, 13-inch long daddy longlegs spider was unearthed in a cave during a TV shoot, but giants of this proportion are virtually unheard of. 

17. Desert Blond Tarantula (Tie)

Maximum leg span: 4 inches

The desert blond tarantula is another relatively small tarantula.  It's much friendlier than the Mexican redknee — if friendly is a word you can apply to something with three additional pairs of eyes. Females and males look very different. Females are typically a solid tan color, while males have black legs and a ruddy red abdomen.

They have very mild venom, and they're pretty docile as pets. If you live in the Southwest, you might run into one in the wild. They're especially common in Arizona, but they spend most of the time about a foot underground in a silk-lined burrow. 

17. Golden Silk Orb Weaver (Tie)

The golden silk orb weaver can actually be larger than 4 inches, but most are much smaller. Males are always much smaller than females, but the largest, full-grown females can be as much as 6 inches from toe to toe. The males also rely on the females.

The females are in charge of making dramatic, massive webs made of seven different types of silk. Then, a small male camps out in the web of one female and stands guard so other males don't mate with her. Two golden orb weavers actually went to space to see how their web-building changed. One managed to survive the 65-day journey and returned to Earth unscathed.

14. Mexican Blood Leg Tarantula (Tie)

Maximum leg span: 5 inches

Now our spidey senses are really tingling. The first spider on our list that's over 5 inches, the Mexican blood leg is popular in the pet trade for its bright coloration, handleability and longevity. They grow very slowly, and females can live for 40 years or more. 

Pet spiders over 2 inches need a small water dish. Adult tarantulas usually eat crickets, mealworms or roaches once every two or three weeks . They're not as snuggly as a hamster, but they're also much lower maintenance. 

14. California Ebony Tarantula (Tie)

The California ebony tarantula is native to — surprise, surprise — California and other southwestern states. It primarily dwells in holes in the ground, and since it's nocturnal, you're unlikely to run into one while out on a hike. Phew. 

They don't reach adulthood until the age of about 8 to 12 years and can live 25 years in total. Since they're docile and harmless to people, California ebony tarantulas have become popular pets. 

14. Giant Crab Spider (Tie)

Giant crab spiders are among the largest in Arizona. The fact that a 5-inch leg span almost seems small compared to the biggest spider species should terrify you. Giant crab spiders are usually smaller than that, but their sideways, crab-like run is enough to send most of us sprinting far, far away from Arizona.

They particularly like to live under rocks and in houses. They look similar to wolf spiders, but they prefer to hang out on ceilings and other ominous perches. Delightful. 

13. Cerbalus Aravaensis

Maximum leg span: 5.5 inches

The Cerbalus aravaensis spider, a type of huntsman spider, is the largest spider in the entire Middle East. They're big enough to eat geckos and other small lizards, and their lifestyle is surprisingly sophisticated. This spider builds dens in the sand dunes near the edges of salt marshes.

Each den has a hinged, trap-door structure to disguise the spider's lair from prey and predators alike. Their natural habitats are currently at risk, and while we know that's bad, we're struggling to feel too bad about it. 

11. Costa Rican Zebra Tarantula (Tie)

Maximum leg span: 6 inches

Costa Rican zebra tarantulas are far from the largest type of tarantula, but they're still plenty creepy enough to send an arachnophobe (or anyone other than a member of the Addams Family) running for the hills. It's larger than the average iPhone, and females can live for up to two decades.

They can be kept as pets , but most people favor other types of tarantulas since this variety is so shy. Most of the time, Costa Rican zebras are out of sight, hiding deep in the network of burrows they dig. They're tough to handle since they're skittish, but they're unlikely to behave aggressively. 

11. Camel Spider (Tie)

No. Simply, no. The camel spider, also known as the sun spider, isn't dangerous to people, per se. It doesn't have venom and can't cause serious injury, but a bite from one isn't pleasant. The emotional suffering from finding one of these climbing up your sleeve is arguably much worse. 

Camel spiders have up to 200 babies at a time, and we don't want to be around when they hatch. All 200 will grow up to eat small birds, rodents and lizards. Even if they can't kill us, anything that can take out our kid's pet gerbil is enough to send us running for the hills. 

9. Brazilian Wandering Spider (Tie)

Maximum leg span: 7 inches

Now, we're getting to the seriously massive spiders. Brazilian wandering spiders have a scientific name of Phoneutria nigriventer. Guess what "phoneutria" means in Greek? Murderess .

This is the first spider we've mentioned that poses a serious threat to people. The rest are just creepy, but Brazilian wandering spiders have one of the most venomous bites on Earth. Its venom contains a neurotoxin that can be lethal, especially to children. Fortunately, fatalities are rare thanks to widely available antivenom. 

9. Colombian Giant Tarantula (Tie)

Colombian giant tarantulas are larger than Brazilian wandering spiders, but they're much less threatening. They aren't dangerous, and their threat response is interesting to watch. Instead of a typical tarantula threat posture, it bobs up and down and begins twirling in a circle, known as the cartwheel of death. Luckily, it's only deadly if you're a bug.

Many spider keepers consider these large spiders to be a beautiful addition to their collection. 

7. Chaco Golden Knee Spider (Tie)

Maximum leg span: 8 inches

The Chaco golden is endemic to Paraguay, and its unique, painted look makes them a treasure in the spider-keeping world. They have a golden band around each knee, and their impressive size and "friendly" temperament make them easy to handle.

Females can live up to 25 years, and despite their massive size, their preferred dinner is pretty tame. Chaco golden knee spiders eat crickets or mealworms in captivity, and even in the wild, they aren't known for eating anything bigger than a cockroach. 

7. Brazilian Black Tarantula (Tie)

The Brazilian black tarantula is super cool, in our opinion. It's jet black from fang to foot, and its body is covered in fine hairs giving it a velvety appearance. These hairs double as "ears." These spiders can't actually hear, but their hairs can detect vibrations in the air to pinpoint the location of prey. 

If lunch doesn't come around for a while, it's no big deal. Brazilian black tarantulas take forever to get hangry. In a pinch, they can go for months without food. When they do eat, they'll take on any prey they can find, including mice and small reptiles. 

6. Hercules Baboon Spider

Maximum leg span: 8.5 inches

The Hercules baboon isn't a baboon at all, but we honestly wish it were. The Hercules baboon spider is indigenous to Africa, specifically Nigeria. It's rare, but it's huge, with a solid brown or black body and a giant leg span.

They prefer to dwell in forests, and their venom is harmless. The name comes from how similar their fluffy legs look to the fingers of a baboon. 

5. Face-Sized Tarantula

Maximum leg span: 9 inches

Yes, that's its real name. The face-sized tarantula is bigger than most human faces, and we are not putting one on ours to test it out.

These creepy crawlies are actually peaceful, dwelling in old-growth trees in Sri Lanka. They're seldom spotted, but if you notice a large spider with a pink band on its belly, you might have found yourself a face-sized tarantula.

3. Grammostola Anthracina (Tie)

Maximum leg span: 11 inches

Australia has the biggest reputation for having giant spiders, but South America gives the continent a run for its money. Grammostola anthracina, a spider species found in Uruguay, Paraguay, Brazil and Argentina has a solid brown body that's among the largest of any spider in the world.

Like most tarantulas, they aren't dangerous to humans, although the hairs on their upper abdomen can cause minor skin irritation. 

3. Brazilian Salmon Pink Birdeater (Tie)

This spider isn't really salmon pink, but the hairs along its eight, giant legs are a sort of peachy pink if you look closely. They flick these hairs at predators to irritate their eyes and hopefully dissuade them from coming closer (done!). They do have venom that results in a painful bite but not a dangerous one to people.

The bite of a female Brazilian salmon pink birdeater can be dangerous to males, however. After mating, the females sometimes consider their male partners a tasty snack if they don't run away fast enough. 

2. Giant Huntsman Spider

Maximum leg span: 11.8 inches

The giant huntsman spider and the Goliath birdeater are close in terms of size. They often overlap in leg span, and the giant huntsman often tops 11 inches from toe to toe. The spider's actual body is almost 2 inches alone, and they're known for cannibalistic behavior. Lovely.

They crawl along the walls of caves in Laos like spooky land crabs. While we had "exploring caves" on our bucket list, we're OK taking it off for now.

1. Goliath Birdeater

Maximum leg span: 12 inches

Welcome to the king of the spider kingdom, which we will never willingly visit. Goliath birdeaters can weigh up to 6 ounces, which is a lot for a creature with no actual bones. It's the biggest spider ever recorded, routinely reaching a foot across. 

Contrary to their name, birds aren't a normal part of their diet — but they are big enough to eat one if their preferred foods of frogs and small rodents are in short supply. People do keep them as pets, but they're typically aggressive and unpleasant to handle . 

For more wildlife facts, keep exploring on Always Pets: 

• Biggest Snakes in the World
• Green and Red Iguanas Don't Make Good Pets — and Here's Why
• 10 Most Famous Bear Attacks in History